8.According to sociologists,there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group.In the family,traditional cultural patterns award leadership to one or both of the parents.In other cases,such as friendship groups,one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,although there is no formal process of selection.In larger groups,leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment(招聘).
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability,decades of research have failed to produce dependable evidence that there is any category of"natural leaders".It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather,practically any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to"get things done".Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to decrease tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members.They give others and may discipline group members who restrict attainment(達(dá)到) of the group's goals.Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group.They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.As the difference in these two roles suggest,expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders,if they are successful in promoting group goals,may enjoy a more distant respect.

72.What does the passage mainly discuss?D
A.The problems faced by leaders.
B.How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C.How social groups determine who will lead them.
D.The role of leaders in social groups.
73.Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?A
A.A person who is an effective leader of a group may not be an effective one in another group.
B.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
74.In mentioning"natural leaders"in the second paragraph,the author is making the point thatB.
A.few people qualify as"natural leaders"
B.there is no proof that"natural leaders"exist
C."natural leaders"are easily accepted by the members of a group
D."natural leaders"share a similar set of characteristics
75.The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus onD.
A.ensuring harmonious relationships   B.sharing responsibility with group members
C.identifying new leaders             D.a(chǎn)chieving a goal.

分析 本文是一篇科教類閱讀,主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能.

解答 72-75.DABD
72.【解析】[D]主旨題.本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能.所以D為正確答案.A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不能正確概括本文主旨.
73.【解析】[A]推斷題.A選項(xiàng)意思是:某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者.這正好與第二段的意思相吻合,即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒(méi)有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn),只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group).B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)的意思與本文無(wú)關(guān).D選項(xiàng)意為:許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來(lái)證明他們具有這樣的資格.顯然是對(duì)文章意思的曲解.
74.【解析】[B]細(xì)節(jié)題.第二段中"…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of‘natural leaders'"意思是說(shuō)數(shù)十年來(lái)的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來(lái)證明哪些人可以成為"天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者",與B項(xiàng)意思一致.
75.【解析】[D]細(xì)節(jié)題.第三、四段主要講了兩種類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的區(qū)別.其中instrumental leader側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),而expressive leader相對(duì)于前者并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持,并盡力減少內(nèi)部紛爭(zhēng).(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.)

點(diǎn)評(píng) 本文是一篇科教類閱讀,題目涉及多道細(xì)節(jié)理解題,做題時(shí)結(jié)合原文和題目有針對(duì) 性找出相關(guān)語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析,結(jié)合選項(xiàng)選出正確答案.推理判斷也是要在抓住關(guān)鍵句子的基礎(chǔ)上合理的分析才能得出正確的答案.

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Professor Ji who worked in the Instiute of Nanomedicine told the reporter,so far,the investigation of nano materials is still limited in the laboratory.No commercial micro products can be produced yet.With the present level of science and technology,the time of everyday goods made of nanometer materials is still years away.
The products labeled with nano marks in the market now are only traditional products coated with a thin layer of nanometer material,which makes them more abrasion resistant(耐磨),much easier to be cleaned,or oil resisting or moth proof(防蛀).
Professor Ji explained that nano cup is a real cup.It can also be included in the list of nano products in a certain sense.But the nano cup has not changed its property and function as a cup.It is not a magical medicine for curing and health care.

67.Which of the following shows the right relationship?A
A.nanometer<micrometer<millimeter<meter
B.micrometer<millimeter<nanometer<meter
C.nanometer<millimeter<micrometer<meter
D.millimeter<micrometer<nanometer<meter
68.It can be inferred from the passage thatD.
A.real nano products are being produced by some companies
B.nano materials have been put into use in daily goods
C.the nano cup is very effective in curing and health care
D.real nano products haven't become available for people
69.The underlined word"properties"in the fourth paragraph probably meansC.
A.possessions   B.reactions   C.qualities  D.symbols
70.What would be the best title for the passage?B
A.High-tech Products        B.Nano Materials
C.High-teach Research       D.Nano Cups.

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

17.Beijing had its biggest snowfall since 1951.Britain is suffering through its longest cold snap (寒潮) since 1981.And freezing weather is hitting the Deep South,including Florida's orange groves and beaches.
    Whatever happened to global warming?
    Such weather doesn't seem to fit with warnings from scientists that the Earth is warming because of greenhouse gases.But experts say the cold snap doesn't contradict global warming at all-it's just a temporary phenomenon in the long-term heating trend."It's part of natural variability,"said Gerald Meehl,a senior scientist.With global warming,he said,"we'll still have record cold temperatures.We'll just have fewer of them."
    Scientists say man-made climate change does have the potential to cause more frequent and more severe weather extremes.But experts did not connect the current cold snap to climate change.
    So what is going on?
"We basically have seen just a big outbreak of Arctic air over populated areas of the Northern Hemisphere",Arndt said.
In the atmosphere,large rivers of air travel roughly west to east around the globe between the Arctic and the tropics.This air flow acts like a fence to keep Arctic air restricted.But recently,this air flow has become bent into a zigzag (之字形) pattern,wandering north and south.If you live in a place where it brings air up from the south,you get warm weather.In fact,record highs were reported this week in Washington state and Alaska.
But in the eastern United States,like some other unlucky parts of the globe,Arctic air is coming from the north.And that's how you get a temperature of 3 degrees in Beijing,a reading of minus-42 in mainland Norway,and 18 inches of snow in parts of Britain.The zigzag pattern arises naturally from time to time,but it is not clear why it's so strong right now.
71.What is the best title of the text?D
A.Freezing weather is hitting the Deep South.
B.We'll still have record cold temperatures.
C.The air flow has become a zigzag pattern.
D.Cold snap doesn't contradict global warming.
72.With global warming,we willA.
A.a(chǎn)lso meet with severe cold snap
B.have more hot temperatures forever
C.never experience cold temperatures
D.have more cold temperatures
73.According to experts,the current cold snapB.
A.suggests that the climate has changed greatly
B.is not related to the climate change
C.shows that the climate will turn cold
D.is affected by global warming
74.Beijing had its biggest snowfall since 1951 because ofC.
A.a(chǎn) fence from the Arctic                  
B.a(chǎn) cooling trend in climate
C.a(chǎn) big outbreak of Arctic air             
D.its large population
75.We can conclude thatA.
A.not all the parts of the Northern Hemisphere are cold in face of the cold snap
B.the zigzag pattern arises naturally accidentally
C.Beijing will get cold weather next year
D.Washington state and Alaska will not face cold weather next year.

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

18.During the summer holidays there will be a revised(修改過(guò)的) schedule of services for the students.Changes for dining-room and library service hours and for bus schedules will be posted on the wall outside of the dining-hall.Weekly film and concert schedules,which are being arranged(安排),will be posted each Wednesday outside of the student club.
In the summer holidays,buses going to the town center will leave the main hall every hour on the half hour during the day.The dining-room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 am to 7:00pm during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00pm on weekends.The library will continue its usual hours during the week,but have shorter hours on Saturdays and Sundays.The weekend hours are from noon to 5:00pm.
All students who want to use the library lending services must have a new summer card.This announcement will also appear in the next week's student newspaper.

21.The main purpose of this text is toA.
A.tell students of important schedule changes
B.tell students of new bus and library services
C.show the excellent services for students
D.a(chǎn)sk students to renew their library cards
22.At which of the following times will the bus leave the main hall?B
A.8:00,9:00,10:00,11:00    B.8:30,9:30,10:30,11:30
C.8:30,9:00,9:30,10:00     D.8:00,9:30,11:00,12:30
23.In the summer holidays,the library will haveC.
A.no special hours          
B.special hours on weekdays
C.special hours on weekends  
D.special hours both on weekdays and weekends
24.We may infer that during the summer holidaysB.
A.few students will stay in the university
B.no breakfast will be served on weekends
C.the student newspaper will sell more copies
D.there will be a concert or a film each Wednesday.

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