8.According to sociologists,there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group.In the family,traditional cultural patterns award leadership to one or both of the parents.In other cases,such as friendship groups,one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,although there is no formal process of selection.In larger groups,leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment(招聘).
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability,decades of research have failed to produce dependable evidence that there is any category of"natural leaders".It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather,practically any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to"get things done".Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to decrease tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members.They give others and may discipline group members who restrict attainment(達(dá)到) of the group's goals.Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group.They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.As the difference in these two roles suggest,expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders,if they are successful in promoting group goals,may enjoy a more distant respect.
72.What does the passage mainly discuss?D
A.The problems faced by leaders.
B.How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C.How social groups determine who will lead them.
D.The role of leaders in social groups.
73.Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?A
A.A person who is an effective leader of a group may not be an effective one in another group.
B.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
74.In mentioning"natural leaders"in the second paragraph,the author is making the point thatB.
A.few people qualify as"natural leaders"
B.there is no proof that"natural leaders"exist
C."natural leaders"are easily accepted by the members of a group
D."natural leaders"share a similar set of characteristics
75.The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus onD.
A.ensuring harmonious relationships B.sharing responsibility with group members
C.identifying new leaders D.a(chǎn)chieving a goal.
分析 本文是一篇科教類閱讀,主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能.
解答 72-75.DABD
72.【解析】[D]主旨題.本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能.所以D為正確答案.A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不能正確概括本文主旨.
73.【解析】[A]推斷題.A選項(xiàng)意思是:某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者.這正好與第二段的意思相吻合,即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒(méi)有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn),只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group).B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)的意思與本文無(wú)關(guān).D選項(xiàng)意為:許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來(lái)證明他們具有這樣的資格.顯然是對(duì)文章意思的曲解.
74.【解析】[B]細(xì)節(jié)題.第二段中"…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of‘natural leaders'"意思是說(shuō)數(shù)十年來(lái)的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來(lái)證明哪些人可以成為"天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者",與B項(xiàng)意思一致.
75.【解析】[D]細(xì)節(jié)題.第三、四段主要講了兩種類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的區(qū)別.其中instrumental leader側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),而expressive leader相對(duì)于前者并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持,并盡力減少內(nèi)部紛爭(zhēng).(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.)
點(diǎn)評(píng) 本文是一篇科教類閱讀,題目涉及多道細(xì)節(jié)理解題,做題時(shí)結(jié)合原文和題目有針對(duì) 性找出相關(guān)語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析,結(jié)合選項(xiàng)選出正確答案.推理判斷也是要在抓住關(guān)鍵句子的基礎(chǔ)上合理的分析才能得出正確的答案.