LEEDS, England—A Leeds University psychology professor is teaching a course to help dozens of Britons forgive their enemies.
"The hate we hold within us is a cancer, " Professor Ken Hart said, adding that holding in anger can lead to problems such as high blood pressure and heart disease.
More than 70 people have become members in Hart's first 20-week workshop in London—a course he says is the first of its kind in the world.
These are people who are sick and tired of living with a memory. They realize their bitterness is a poison they think they can pour out, but they end up drinking it themselves, said Canadian- born Hart.
The students meet in groups of eight to ten for a two-hour workshop with an adviser every fortnight.
The course, ending in July, is expected to get rid of the cancer of hate in these people. "People have lots of negative attitudes towards forgiveness," he said, "People confuse forgiveness with forgetting. Forgiveness means changing from a negative attitude to a positive one."
Hart and his team have created instructions to provide the training needed.
"The main idea is to give you guidelines on how to look at various kinds of angers and how they affect you, and how to change your attitudes towards the person you are angry with," said Norman Claringbull, a senior expert on the forgiveness project.
Hart said he believes forgiveness is a skill that can be taught, as these people "want to get free of the past".
小題1:From this passage we know that________.

A．high blood pressure and heart disease are caused by hate

B．high blood pressure can only be cured by psychology professors

C．without hate, people will have less trouble connected with blood and heart

D．people who suffer from blood pressure and heart disease must have many enemies

小題2:If you are angry with somebody, you should________.

A．a(chǎn)ttend Hart’s course

B．never meet him or her any longer

C．persuade him or her to have a positive talk with you

D．treat him or her positively instead of negatively

小題3:In Hart's first 20- week workshop, people there can ________.

A．meet their enemies	B．change their attitudes
C．enjoy the professor's teaching	D．learn how to quarrel with others

小題4:If you are a member in Hart's workshop, you'll________.

A．meet in eight or ten groups

B．get rid of the illness of cancer

C．a(chǎn)ttend a gathering twice a month

D．pour out everything stored in your mind

小題5:The author wrote this passage in order to________.

A．persuade Britons to go to Hart's workshop

B．tell us the news about Hart's workshop

C．tell us how to run a workshop like Hart's

D．help us to look at various kinds of angers

We all know that everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men’s minds decline more than women’s, according to the results of a worldwide survey.
General differences seem to be natural in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel be good at recalling information from their brain’s files. Many studies have looked for a connection between sex and the amount of mental decline people experience as they age, but the results have been mixed.
Some studies found more age-related decline in men than in women, while others saw the opposite or even no relationship at all between sex and mental decline.
Those results could be improper because the studies involved older people, and women live longer than men: The men tested are the survivors, “so they’re the ones that may not have shown such cognitive(認(rèn)知的) decline,” said study team leader Elizabeth of the University of Warwick in England.
Scientists surveyed completed four tasks that tested sex-related cognitive skills: matching an object to its rotated form, matching lines shown from the same angle, typing as many words in a particular category as possible in the given time, e.g. “object usually colored gray”, and recalling the location of objects in a line drawing. The first two were tasks at which men are usually good; the latter are typically dominated by women. Within each age group studied, men and women performed better in their separate categories on average. And though performance declined with age for both genders, women showed obviously less decline than men overall.
小題1:According to the passage, which of the following can NOT be typed into the same category?

A．cloud

B．sheep

C．trees

D．goose

小題2:Which of the following statements is true according the article? _______

A．Men do better than women when it comes to learning English.

B．Women stand out at remembering people’s names.

C．Women do well in dealing mathematic problems.

D．Men excel at typing as many words as possible in the given time.

小題3:One important factor that affects the correctness of the results is that ________.

A．women live longer than men

B．people surveyed are all old

C．the old men tested may not have shown such cognitive decline

D．people taking part in this test came from all over the world

小題4:The author aims to tell us that _________.

A．women’s minds perform better than men’s

B．men’s minds decline more with age

C．everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older

D．a(chǎn) survey on human’s mind decline was done recently

Lots of people are unhappy with their present weight, but most aren't sure how to change it. You may want to look like the models or actors in magazines and on TV, but those goals might not be healthy or realistic (現(xiàn)實的) for you. Being healthy is really about being at a weight that is right for you. The best way to find out if you are at a healthy weight or if you need to lose or gain weight is to talk to a doctor or dietitian（營養(yǎng)學(xué)家）. If it turns out that you can benefit from weight loss, then you can follow a few of the simple suggestions listed below to get started.
_______________________. Ask your mom or dad to lend help and support and to make lifestyle changes that will benefit the whole family, if possible. Those who have the support of their families tend to have better results with their weight-management programs.
Watch your drinks. It’s amazing how many extra calories can be in the sodas, juices and other drinks that you take in every day. Simply cutting out a can of soda or one sports drink can save you 150 calories or more each day. Slake yourself with water or other sugar-free drinks when you’re thirsty and stay away from sugary juices and sodas.
Stop eating when you’re full. Lots of people eat when they’re full. Try to pay attention as you eat and stop when you are full.
Avoid diet pills. They can be dangerous to your health; besides, there’s no evidence that they help keep weight off over the long term.
Get moving. You don’t have to play a team sport or go to the gym. Try different kinds of activities from hiking to cycling, or to dancing until you find what you like.
小題1:According to the passage, before you decide to lose or gain weight you must know _________.

A．how you will do it

B．how long it should last

C．whether you have a healthy weight

D．what your realistic goal is

小題2:Which of the following would be the best to be put in the blank in the second paragraph?

A．Find a partner.

B．Make weight loss a family behavior.

C．Don’t give up easily.

D．Small changes make a difference.

小題3:The underlined part ‘Slake yourself’ in the third paragraph means “__________”

A．Stop yourself feeling thirsty.

B．Make yourself feel less tired.

C．Make yourself feel comfortable.

D．Stop yourself feeling less hungry.

小題4:We can learn from the passage that __________.
A. exercising is harmful to one’s health
B. diet pills may not help one lose weight in the long term
C. having eating trouble is the No.1 cause of being overweight
D. all models or actors in magazines and on TV have weight problems

It doesn’t matter when and how much a person sleeps , but everyone needs some rest to stay alive. That’s what all doctors thought , until they heard about Herpin. Herpin, it was said , never slept. Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.
Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey. They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind. So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made. But they were surprised. Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw him sleeping. In fact, he did not even own a bed. He never needed one.
The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers. The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness. They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer. They found only one answer that might explain his condition. Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born. But that was all. Was this the real reason? No one could be sure. Herpin died at the age of 94.
小題1:The main idea of this passage is that_____

A．large numbers of people do not need sleep

B．a(chǎn) person was found who actually didn’t need any sleep

C．everyone needs some sleep to stay alive

D．people can live longer by trying not to sleep

小題2:The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting_____

A．to cure him of his sleeplessness

B．to find that his sleeplessness was not really true

C．to find out why some old people did not need any sleep

D．to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping

小題3:After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Herpin_____

A．needed some kind of sleep

B．was too old to need any sleep

C．needed no sleep at all

D．often sleep in a chair

小題4:One reason that might explain Herpin’s sleeplessness was _____

A．his mother’s injury before he was born

B．that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit

C．his magnificent physical condition

D．that he hadn’t got a bed

小題5:Herpin’s condition could be regarded as ______

A．a(chǎn) common one

B．one that could be cured

C．very healthy

D．a(chǎn) rare one

If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows that. Yet many people do not seem to know that memory works in the same way.
When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by using it. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough chance to become strong.
If a friend says that his arms and legs are weak, we know that it is his fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame, and few of us know that it is just his own fault.
Have you ever found that some people can't read or write but they have better memories? This is because they cannot read or write and they have to remember things; they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember days, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised.
So if you want to have a good memory, learn from the people: practise remembering.
小題1:If you do not use your arms or legs for some time, ______.

A．you can't use them any more

B．they will become stronger

C．they become weak but they slowly become strong again

D．they become weak and won't become strong until you use them again

小題2:Some people can't read or write, but they usually have better memories, because ______.

A．they can't write everything in a little notebook

B．they have to use their memories all the time

C．they have saved much trouble

D．they have saved much time to remember things

小題3:The main reason for one's poor memory is that ______        

A．he does not use his arms or legs for some time	B．he can't read or write
C．his father or mother may have a poor memory	D．his memory is not often used

小題4:Give the best title for this passage.

A．How To Have A Good Memory	B．Don't Stop Using Your Arms Or Legs
C．Strong Arms And Good Memories	D．Learn From The People

American society is not nap (午睡)-friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, “There’s even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep”. Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: “Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven.”
Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. “We have to totally change our attitude toward napping,” says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an “American sleep debt” which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, President Clinton is trying to take a ha1f-hour snooze (瞌睡) every afternoon.
About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have “a mid afternoon quiet phase,” also called “a secondary sleep gate.” Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
We Superstars of Snooze don't nap to replace lost shut-eye or to prepare for a night shift.Rather, we “snack” on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.
小題1:It is commonly accepted in American society that too much sleep is        .

A．unreasonable

B．criminal

C．harmful

D．costly

小題2:The research done by the Dement Commission shows that Americans ________.

A．don't like to take naps

B．a(chǎn)re terribly worried about their national debt

C．sleep less than is good for them

D．have caused many industrial and traffic accidents

小題3:The purpose of this article is to        .

A．warn us of the wickedness of napping

B．explain the danger of sleepiness

C．discuss the side effects of napping

D．convince the reader of the necessity of napping

小題4:The underlined phrase “American sleep debt” in Para. 3 is the result of        .

A．the traditional misconception the Americans have about sleep

B．the new sleep policy of the Clinton Administration

C．the rapid development of American industry

D．the Americans' worry about the danger of sleepiness

小題5:The second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is          .

A．preferable to have a sound sleep before a night shift

B．good practice to eat something light before we go to bed

C．essential to make up for cost sleep

D．natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it

Some students get so nervous before a test, they do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock has studied these highly anxious test-takers.
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources.I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sian Beilock: “what we think happens is when students put it down on paper , they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it’s not as had as they might think it was before and, in essence(本質(zhì)上), it prevents these thoughts from popping up when they’re actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Prefessor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sian Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who’d done our writing intervention, all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most likely to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance. 
小題1:What may happen if students have the problem of test anxiety?

A．Test anxiety can improve students’ performance to some degree.

B．Students’ attention and memory resources run out when worried.

C．Students may not be admitted into their favorite college if worried

D．Test anxiety is sure to cause students to fail the test.

小題2:Which of the following if TRUE?

A．In the first math test, students who sat quietly performed better.

B．In the second math test, students who wrote about their feelings did worse.

C．Some college students are highly anxious test-takers while others are not in the tests.

D．The result in the math test agrees with that in the biology test.

小題3:What does the underlined phrase “popping up” mean?

A．Giving out

B．Fading away

C．Becoming clearly

D．Appearing suddenly

小題4:what is most probably Sian Beilock?

A．A psychology professor.	B．A philosophy researcher.
C．A politics professor	D．A tutor

小題5:What is the main idea of the passage?

A．It is a common practice for students being worried before a test.

B．Being worried before tests does harm to students’ performance.

C．Anxious students overcome test anxiety by writing down fears.

D．It is important for students to overcome test anxiety.

We can’t live without food. Today our knowledge of food and what it does for our bodies is far more advanced than____1_____of the old times. Now we know____2___vitamins and how each kind of vitamins__3_____in the growth of a special part of our body._____4____ on the market all kinds of vitamins which we can take to______5____our lack of certain important things which are needed for good health.____6____ if we eat well and properly, the food that we eat will ___7____ our bodies and so there is no____8_____to take any kind of vitamins ____9____ our doctors tell us that our bodies are_____10____of something which can be supplied by it. Generally speaking, everything we eat ____11____ some good to our bodies, but if we eat ____12____ of one kind of food and pay______13____attention to others, we may have too much of one kind and not____14____ of others. Then we may be ____15___ trouble. We are often told___16_____ we must eat some meat every day in order to get the necessary proteins. That is only____17____true, for proteins are not found only in meat. We can also get them___18____some vegetables. The best advice about ____19___ to eat is that we should eat all kinds of food____20__ never too much of one kind.

小題1:	A．it B．those C．that D．this

小題2:	A．of B．a(chǎn)bout C．/ D．for

小題3:	A．does B．makes C．helps D．works

小題4:	A．There have B．There are C．They are D．They have

小題5:	A．have for B．make for C．get for D．make up for

小題6:	A．Of course B．Then C．But D．And

小題7:	A．a(chǎn)ttend B．take care of C．look for D．pay attention to

小題8:	A．worry B．possibility C．need D．chance

小題9:	A．when B．if C．unless D．until

小題10:

A．short B．lost C．part D．full

小題11:

A．has B．is C．makes D．does

小題12:

A．too much B．too little C．too few D．too many

小題13:

A．too little B．too much C．a(chǎn) little too D．much too

小題14:

A．a(chǎn) little B．little C．many D．enough

小題15:

A．into B．a(chǎn)t C．in D．out of

小題16:

A．when B．that C．how D．where

小題17:

A．likely B．partly C．hardly D．really

小題18:

A．from B．for C．of D．into

小題19:

A．what B．whether C．why D．which

小題20:

A．even B．or C．a(chǎn)nd D．but

The poorer mental function seen among alcoholics，many of whom also regularly smoke cigarettes，may be partly due to the long term effects of nicotine(尼古丁)，new research suggests.
“People who are also smokers are at a much higher risk，” Dr.Jennifer  M.Glass of the University of Michigan's Addiction Research Center said. In her study，“Cigarette smoking has a bad effect on IQ and thinking，” she said.
This finding may seem counterintuitive(違反直覺的)，since many smokers show that they feel quicker and focused after smoking. Indeed，research shows that improved mental functioning is one of the immediate effects of nicotine exposure. Chronic(慢性的)smoking，however，is known to have the opposite effect. Studies show that up to 87 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes.
Yet，few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a factor that might explain the cognitive(認(rèn)知的)lack reported among alcoholics. To search for that association，Glass and her colleagues examined brain function among 172 men from the same area，including 103 men who abused alcohol. The team found that men with higher scores on the lifetime alcohol problems scale(LAPS)and those who reported a higher number of pack years of smoking both had lower IQ scores.
Upon further research，the researchers found that smoking also appeared to be independently associated  with weaker word and space reasoning.
Thus，though smoking did not account for all of the decreased mental functioning observed among the alcohol abusers，it did seem to account for some of the effects，the report indicates.
小題1:What is the passage mainly about?

A．Cigarette smoking contributes to decreased IQ and thinking.

B．Alcohol abuse is to blame for the poorer mental function.

C．Most of the alcoholics are also heavy smokers.

D．Non-smokers mostly have higher IQ scores.

小題2:The underline sentence “Chronic smoking, however, is known to have opposite effect” in paragraph 3  suggests:

A．Chronic smoking can improve mental functioning.

B．Chronic smoking has an immediate influence on mental functioning.

C．Chronic smoking has side effect on mental functioning improvement.

D．Chronic smokers feel quicker and focused after smoking.

小題3:From the passage we can learn that .

A．cigarette smoking is not related to reasoning

B．nicotine exposure can improve mental functioning temporarily

C．the long term effects of nicotine cause alcoholics

D．men with lower scores on the LAPS have lower IQ scores

小題4:It can be inferred from the passage that .

A．many alcoholics suffer a great deal from smoking

B．giving up smoking is significantly challenging for the alcoholics

C．a(chǎn)lcoholics who do not smoke much have higher IQ scores

D．other factors can cause the poorer mental functioning besides smoking

小題5:The purpose of this passage is .

A．to warn us of the bad effects of smoking on IQ and thinking

B．to tell us why people are addicted to smoking

C．to give us some advice on how to improve IQ and reasoning

D．to compare the bad effects of alcohol and cigarette

There is an English saying: “Laughter is the best medicine.” Until recently, few people took the saying seriously. Now, however, doctors have begun to look into (調(diào)查) laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found that laughter really can improve people’s health. Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films while doctors checked their heart, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, the heart beating and breathing; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial (有益的).
Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group that tolerated (忍受) the pain for the longest time was the groups which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce a kind of chemicals in the brain which reduce both stress (緊張；壓力) and pain.
As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics (診所), in which they help to improve their patients’ condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.
小題1:The underlined phrase “took the saying seriously” in the first paragraph probably means “________”.

A．treat the saying as important	B．treat the saying as interesting
C．treat the saying as dangerous	D．treat the saying as funny

小題2:The main idea of the passage is _______.

A．laughter and physical exercises have similar effects on the human body

B．smile can produce the same effects as laughter

C．pain can be reduced by laughter

D．laughter is the best medicine

小題3:Doctors hold laughter clinics _______.

A．to give better condition to their patients

B．in order to improve patients’ health

C．to make patients smile

D．to prove smile and laughter have the same effect