Researchers tested students repeatedly over the course of a year on attentiveness and working memory, which is the ability to keep something in mind temporarily for performing a task. The study tracked more than 2,000 students in 36 primary schools in Barcelona, Spain. The pupils were in the second to fourth grade when the study began. Overall, students whose schools are surrounded by more green space improve more pupils from schools with less green space.

“Policy makers should know that more green space around the school is better for cognitive (認(rèn)知的) development and that they should make sure that kids can see and play in green areas,” one author, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen of the Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology in Barcelona, said in an email. “Existing urban schools should think about replacing concrete or other hard surfaces with green space, and even a few trees may help,” he suggested.

The researchers used satellite images to group schools according to how much green space appeared on the school ground and within about 55 yards of the school’s surrounding property. Their analysis indicated that differences in socioeconomic factors between schools did not account for the study outcome.

Sally Augustin, a psychologist in La Grange Park, Illinois, who used research on how people react to their surroundings to consult on design of buildings, products and services, said the results make sense to her. Augustin, who did not participate in the new study, said the results fit with previous findings that views of nature help children and adults lower stress and perform mental tasks better.

【1】What do we know about the findings of the study?

A. Attentiveness (專注) is the most important quality for students.

B. A good memory enables students to perform a task better.

C. More green space may help the mental development of students.

D. Schools surrounded by more green space are favored by parents.

【2】According to Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, policy makers should _______.

A. reduce the noise near the school

B. reduce air pollution from vehicles

C. provide more green space for kids

D. encourage kids to play more sports

【3】How are the schools classified by the researchers?

A. By green space. B. By test scores.

C. By size. D. By position.

【4】Why is Augustin mentioned in the passage?

A. To introduce another interesting study.

B. To make the findings of the study more convincing.

C. To present new evidence for the study.

D. To show a different viewpoint.

1.英語(yǔ)水平；

2.歷史知識(shí)；

3.其他優(yōu)勢(shì)。

注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

Dear Mr.Liu,

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Yours,

Li Hua

For years it has been thought that I will be the one to pick up the dropped socks,turn off lights,turn on the dishwasher.But I reached my breaking point this weekend.Everyone was happy when the dog found a piece of bone. He played with it,carried it around and dropped it.You all watched,took photos,had fun and then went away.I was left finishing the lunch tidy-up,my heart warmed by all your laughter.

Until I came across the piece of fruit in some dog hair in the middle of the carpet.You had all seen it and walked away.Did anyone really want to pick it up?I don't mind walking the dog and bathing the cat.We have chosen to look after them.I'm building a family,a home filled with love.

But look at you now! My husband,with your job growing,each step forward,you have more challenges to conquer（戰(zhàn)勝）.My children,wonderful teenagers and young adults growing into yourselves,you are living your free lives.I love you all more than anything else in this world.But something went wrong—I became static（靜止的）.I became less the heart of the family,more the caretaker.

We are a family,a unit that lives and loves in a mutually supportive way.I'm inviting you to step up and join in. My position is open for discussion but never again will I play the role of cook and bottle washer.I will continue to cook at times—I love to do so—but only when I have the time.I have a life to live as well.

Your loving wife and mother

【1】When the writer heard other members' laughter,she felt .

A. angry B. unequal

C. sad D. warm

【2】According to the writer,how will the problem mentioned in this letter be solved?

A. She won't do the cooking at all.

B. She will act as the leader of the family.

C. She will find someone to do the housework.

D. Everyone will take his share to take care of the family.

【3】To whom did the writer write this letter?

A. Her mother. B. Caretakers.

C. Her husband and children. D. Housewives.

【4】Why did the writer write this letter?

A. To ask for respect from the family.

B. To offer housewives some suggestions.

C. To call on readers to help her.

D. To express her love to the family.

【5】(compare) with people in the West, Chinese people used to eat more grain and vegetables, but【6】(little) meat, which is a good eating habit. However, things are quite different now. With the rapid economic【7】(grow) of our country, we are now also eating a lot of food that is high in sugar and fat. We【8】(run) the risk of eating out without【9】(consider) the balance of our diet .The food we choose affects our health, so we suggest that the food we choose【10】give us the nutrients we need.

【2】However, today English is the most widely used language in the world. English is spoken by about 350 million people as a first language in countries such asGreat Britain, theUnited States. In addition, about a billion more people speak English as a second language.

English started to take over French as an international language during the period of British colonialism (殖民主義) when the English ruled many countries in Africa and Asia.【3】The colonial period came to an end at the same time that several other changes occurred. For example, theU.S.started to play a greater part in global affairs and the international economy. New means of communication technology such as television and the Internet spread English worldwide.【4】In addition, they could use the Internet for information, business, or e-mail communication, all in English. Just as the use of English spread, other languages changed English by contact or by new inventions and technology.

In contrast, Icelandic is a language that has changed very slowly. Icelandic speakers today can understand poetry written in a slightly different dialect over 1,000 years ago! Why has Icelandic changed so slowly? The main reason is the isolated (孤立的) location of the island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.【5】Compared toEngland,Icelandhad no history of colonialism.Iceland’s small population has not played a major role in international trade or communication. Today, most Icelanders speak English in addition to their native language. With outside influences, Icelandic is changing more rapidly now.

A. People everywhere could watch the news or sports events in English.

B. These changes have a great influence on the development of society.

C. Isolation meant that for hundreds of years, Icelanders had little contact with speakers of other languages.

D. What are some of the factors that influence how quickly a language changes?

E. The language communication brings about the communication of technology.

F. In the past, other languages such as Latin or French were more important than English.

G. English was the primary means of communication in these colonies.

1.陳述理由：為什么要過(guò)“低碳生活”？

2.如何過(guò)“低碳生活”？提出至少三條建議。

3.號(hào)召更多的同學(xué)加入到“低碳生活”中來(lái)。

注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；

2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

提示：低碳 low-carbon

Dear fellow students,

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Yours,

Li Hua

I was on a plane that was about to take off when my phone rang. It was my neighbor saying I needed to get to the hospital, for my wife Mary _【1】__(take) to hospital, and when I arrived doctors were trying to make __【2】__(she) come back to consciousness, but it was no good.

I explained to my _【3】__(child) that Mummy had died. Within hours they were running around the garden, __【4】__(chat) with their grandad while I was in a deep sorrow. I went through the motions of being a dad—cooking, cleaning, washing—but inside I felt hollow. One of the hardest things __【5】__(cope) with was that the boys had lost their mother. Mary and I were everyone’s favorite couple. The physical loss of not having her around was _【6】__(extreme) painful. For a year, I was in the _【7】_(deep) of misery. Then I decided that we had to get through this. I began to date Emma, _【8】_ had been a childhood friend, and Mickey couldn’t wait for us to get married so he could call her Mum. It wasn’t long before George warmed to her, too—she is wonderful with them. Two years later we got married and life started to look rosy. Emma and I have had two boys to add __【9】__our family.

We all have the concept that our lives are following __【10】__particular path, but sometimes it turns out it’s not going that way.

Confucianism was first set up by Confucius.And later it【2】(develop) by philosophers,including Mencius, Dong Zhongshun,Wang Yangming and others.After Confucianism gained a supreme（至高的）position in the Han dynasty more than 2,000 years ago,【3】influence went into all walks of life and all streams of thought in Chinese society for the generations to come.Its junzi philosophy has become【4】standard of many Chinese people.

Confucianism means a lot not only to China,but also to the world .Today,mottos from Confucianism【5】(be) frequently used by foreign officials in their【6】(speech) or talks.People around the globe can have access 【7】 Confucius ideas in Confucius Institutes（孔子學(xué)院）and Chinese Culture Centers abroad. The institutes and centers serve as non-profit public institutions【8】(help) foreigners better understand China through language teaching and culture introduction.

Today,China has【9】(successful) opened 465 Confucius Institutes in 123 countries and regions.There are also 713 Confucius Classrooms operating in middle and primary schools.Chinese Culture Center are introducing China by opening training classes,building libraries,and【10】(hold) cultural activities.

Spend less time outdoors.This is the most effective way for self-protection in such bad weather.With PM2.5 increasing 103mg per cubic meter,residents will risk a 2.29% increase of death,which experts found out in 2012.If you have to get out,avoid riding bicycles.【2】

Close your windows.Experts advice residents to avoid opening windows at home.If you have to ,avoid the time when smog is at its densest（濃的）.【3】Besides,you can keep plants with broad leaves at home to absorb dust,and use air purifiers（清潔器）.

Smoke less.【4】In hazy weather,smoking would be even more harmful.Smokers are advised to keep their distance from cigarettes before the weather gets better.

【5】For example ,wear special masks outside to avoid breathing in PM2.5.Then take off your coat after getting indoors and keep it away from your other clean clothes,Don’t forget to wash your face,rinse（漱）your mouth,and clean your nasal cavity（鼻腔）to clean the particulate matters（顆粒物）that fall on you.Last but not least,keep off stimulating（刺激性）foods.

A.Wear masks.

B.Pay attention to other daily things.

C.Also avoid rush hours,when pollutants will be denser.

D.That’s because haze does harm to the health of people.

E.Cigarettes could cause more particulate matters,which are included in PM2.5 .

F.Take more fruits and vegetables instead,which are good for lung,spleen（脾）and kidney（腎）.

G.For residents who use air-conditioner,make sure your apartment has enough oxygen indoors.