Eyeglasses correct many different types of sight problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism (散光). Trying to understand those different numbers on an eyeglass prescription (驗(yàn)光單) requires understanding the measurements optometrists (驗(yàn)光師) use when fitting you for corrective lenses (鏡片).

Diopters (屈光度)
The numbers on your prescription are given in diopters, whose short form is "D". It is used to measure the focusing power, or amount of correction.
O.S. and O.D.
Optometrists use the Latin short form O.S. and O.D. to distinguish between your eyes. O.S. refers to your left eye, while O.D. refers to the right eye.
Generally, your prescription will show a number for O.S. and O.D. (given in diopters). The farther this number is on a number line from zero, the more correction your eyeglasses should provide. A plus sign means the eye is farsighted, while a minus sign means the eye is nearsighted.
Spherical Value
This plus or minus number for each eye is called the spherical value, or the degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness you have. Its short form is "S."
Cylinder
If you have an astigmatism, the optometrist will also measure its degree. The higher the number (given in diopters) marked as the cylinder of astigmatism, (its short form is "C"), the more astigmatism there is in that eye.
Axis
An astigmatism is also measured in terms of its axis, which is a number between 0 and 180. The axis of the astigmatism does not relate to the amount of cylinder, just the location of the irregularity of the astigmatism on that particular eye.
【小題1】According to the first paragraph, various sight problems ______.

A．should be understood by the patients

B．can be avoided by wearing corrective lenses

C．should be tested by different optometrists

D．can be corrected by wearing eyeglasses

【小題2】If you need a pair of corrective lenses, the optometrist will first value the numbers of ______.

A．Diopters

B．Spherical Value

C．Cylinder

D．Axis

【小題3】From the prescription above we can learn that Li Hua ______.

A．is farsighted	B．is nearsighted
C．has no astigmatism	D．is normal in sight

【小題4】The text is probably taken from ______.

A．a(chǎn)n education report	B．a(chǎn) school bulletin
C．a(chǎn) local newspaper	D．a(chǎn)n encyclopedia (百科全書)

Habits，whether good or bad，are gradually formed when a person does a certain thing again.He is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly, and then a habit is formed．Once a habit is formed，it is difficult，and sometimes impossible，to get rid of．It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits．Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live older. Persons also form bad habits lasting as long as they live，and sometimes become ruined by them．
There are other habits which，when formed in early life，are of great help．Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life，such as early rising，honesty and so on．
Among the habits which children should not form are laziness，lying，stealing and so on．These habits are all easily formed．Unfortunately older persons often form habits which could have been avoided．
We should keep away from all these bad habits，and try to form such habits as will be good for ourselves and others.
【小題1】      are formed little by little.

A．Good habits	B．Bad habits
C．Both good habits and bad habits	D．Neither good habits nor bad habits

【小題2】The underlined word“them”in the first paragraph refers to_______.

A．bad habits

B．good habits

C．children

D．other persons

【小題3】Generally speaking, it’s difficult for one______ and easy for them______ which should be avoided．   

A．to form bad habits；to form good habits

B．to form good habits；to form bad habits

C．to form such habits as wilI be good；to get rid of bad habits

D．to get rid of bad habits；to form good habits

Today’s youth seem content to take the easy route and enjoy the ride of life. When tough situations arise, they often get annoyed and complain. How you live your teen years will have a profound influence on the rest of your life.
You must learn to use your time wisely. You may not see it now, but developing leadership characteristics at a young age is very important. As we get older, it becomes harder to overcome bad habits and replace them with good ones. Possessing leadership    qualities is essential, both in this life and in the world to come. There are certain qualities that one needs to develop in order to become a leader: justice, judgment, dependability, initiative, decisiveness, tact, integrity, enthusiasm, poise, unselfishness, courage, knowledge and loyalty. You may recognize these as good qualities to have, without realizing how they apply to leadership. The more these qualities are part of your nature, the more productive and enjoyable your life will be. All of these are qualities that one must possess to one degree or another.
Contrary to popular opinion, leadership is something   that is learned. No one is born a leader. We are all capable of exhibiting the   leadership qualities mentioned above — some just choose not to. Of course, not  veryone can be the “top dog”, let alone all the time. However, everyone does have the capacity to lead in some way — but action is required! Understand that learning is a fact of life—learning to ride a bike, learning to drive, learning to type, learning mathematics, etc. All of these activities require action. While we are born with many different abilities, if we do not use and develop them, those abilities will never come to fruition. Youth is an excellent time to start developing leadership characteristics. Take the time to study each one in detail. Put them into practice as you interact with other people. Determine which areas you are weak in, striving to always improve. Observe the leaders, and how     they handle situations and  carry themselves. Also, study the lives of great leaders. The results will serve you in this life — and beyond!
【小題1】The purpose of the second paragraph is to show that    .

A．one must overcome bad habits at first

B．a(chǎn)ll leaders have the mentioned leadership characteristics

C．the earlier and the more you develop leadership characteristics, the better it is

D．one must know how to apply the mentioned leadership characteristics first

【小題2】Not everyone can be a leader because______.

A．they are lazy	B．they don’t learn
C．they don’t have the qualities mentioned	D．they don’t develop their abilities

【小題3】What does the underlined sentence mean?

A．Everyone can be a leader all the time.

B．Everyone can not be a leader all the time.

C．Nobody can be a top leader all the time.

D．Nobody can not be a leader all the time.

【小題4】What is the best title for this passage?

A．Learn to be a leader.	B．Everyone can be a leader.
C．Leadership characteristics.	D．Leadership is something that is learned.

Cyclist Jia Yanmei and a fellow enthusiast covered more than 2,200 kilometers from Beijing to their individual hometowns in Sichuan to celebrate the Lunar New Year with their families, Xu Lin reports.
While others rushed home on high-speed trains or airplanes for the annual Spring Festival, Jia Yanmei spent 16-plus days cycling more than 2,200 kilometers from Beijing to her hometown, Nanchong, Sichuan Province.
Thanks to social media, cycling fans from different cities were able to follow her progress, and some even offered food and accommodation if she happened to be nearby.
“It’s not that I failed to buy my train ticket home. I just want to bring the spirit of cycling to everyone — to do whatever you want to do bravely. As long as you are on the road, you will enjoy yourself, ” says Jia, 26, an English teacher at an educational institution in Beijing.
She started her adventure at 8:30 am on Jan 12, with Wang  Yujiang, 47, who works in architecture in Beijing. A cycling friend introduced them because Wang also wanted to cycle to his hometown, Guangyuan, Sichuan Province.
Jia says    Wang treated her like his  daughter and took care  of her on their way. After Wang arrived in Guangyuan, she cycled two days on her own to reach her home.
“I must say that I admire her. She’s not like others. No matter how tired she is, she can soon recover after meals,” says Wang, who is cycling back from his hometown to Beijing now.
“ I’ve improved myself a lot after the cycling. No matter what difficulties I will meet with in the future, I will
have confidence to face them, ” Jia says.
When she posted her plan   online on Christmas Eve, many cycling fans supported her, lent her equipment and gave her gifts. She updated her social networks, such as Sina Weibo and WeChat, with news of her cycling adventures, as well as a cycling-related applications that recorded her route.
Four days after her departure, one of her friends learned about the    trip in a newspaper and told Jia’s parents. Her mom was so worried about Jia’s safety that she cried and called Jia several times.
【小題1】According to the passage, Jia Yanmei and Wang Yujiang have much in common EXCEPT_______.

A．They shared the same departure time.

B．They work in the same city.

C．They had the same arrival time.

D． They enjoy the same adventurous spirit.

【小題2】She chose to cycle home because _____.

A．Wang Yujiang invited her to keep company

B．Wang Yujiang offered to look after her all the way

C．She couldn’t book a train ticket or air ticket in time

D．She wanted to do what she liked to do bravely

【小題3】Paragraph 3 is used to illustrate  .

A．where she was warmly welcomed

B．what happened to her on the way

C．how cycling fans supported her adventure

D．why social media paid attention to her action

【小題4】Which would be the best title for the passage?

A．The Long Way Home.	B．A Cycling Companion.
C．Benefits from Cycling.	D．The Power of the Media.

To protect you and your fellow passengers, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA ) is required by law to inspect all checked baggage. As part of this process, some bags are opened and inspected. Your bag was among those selected for inspection.
During the inspection, your bag and its contents may have been searched for items forbidden by law such as fireworks, fuels, gunpowder, etc. At the completion of the inspection, the contents were returned to your bag, which was resealed（重新封口）with a “special” lock.
If the TSA screener was unable to open your bag for inspection because it was locked, the screener may have been forced to break the locks on your bag. TSA sincerely regrets having to do this, and has taken care to reseal your bag upon completion of inspection. However, TSA is not liable for damage to your locks resulting from this necessary security precaution.
For packing tips and other suggestions that may assist you during your next trip, visit:
We appreciate your understanding and cooperation. If you have questions, comments, or concerns, please feel free to contact the Transportation Security Administration Consumer Response Center:
Phone: toll-free at (866) 289-9673
Email:
*Section 110(b)of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001, 49, U. S. C.§44901(c)-(e)
【小題1】This leaflet (宣傳單) is trying to ____________.

A．introduce one of the security acts

B．persuade people to contact TSA

C．inform people of baggage inspection

D．warn against the damage of locking the baggage

【小題2】The leaflet is most probably provided by TSA to those who ____________.

A．refused to check in their baggage

B．had their baggage selected for inspection

C．kept some damaged items in their baggage

D．left their baggage unlocked

【小題3】What is the meaning of “l(fā)iable” as it is used in the text?

A．responsible

B．permitted by law

C．suitable

D．prepared

【小題4】Which of the following items is probably allowed in the checked baggage?

I chose to study in Madrid because I had a desire to learn Spanish. My first impressions of Madrid were incredible. It was before the New Year that I arrived in Madrid for the first time. While traveling to my Spanish friend's house in a taxi, I appreciated the buildings along the road which were different from those of my own country.
There are an incredible number of restaurants and bars from all over the world. If you are really into sightseeing, I hope you have rechargeable batteries for your digital camera, because one week really isn't enough time to see everything here including a number of art, science, and historical museums as well as parks, buildings, and amazing landscapes.
What I liked best about life in Madrid was the fact that if you were frustrated with schoolwork and wanted to have some fun, you can easily go out. The nightlife never seems to stop and the people are all very friendly. You can meet people and practice Spanish while having fun at the same time.
What I liked least was the fact that many people smoked in the streets. Also, coming from the US, I was used to having a big breakfast every morning, but while living with an actual Spanish family, I wasn't really satisfied with the food in the morning.
I think I have definitely become more independent since I came back from Spain. Living in a big city like Madrid ,I found that it is necessary to plan ahead and to make a schedule for future. There is so much to see, not just in the Spanish World, but in the European World as well.
【小題1】What's the purpose of the text?

A．To attract people to tour around Madrid.

B．To show how to enjoy Spanish culture.

C．To give advice on how to study Spanish.

D．To describe the author's life in Madrid.

【小題2】The author went to Madrid to _________________.

A．visit his friend	B．go on a sightseeing tour
C．study Spanish	D．complete his trip around Europe

【小題3】Why did the author suggest taking rechargeable batteries?

A．It's difficult to deal with the used batteries.

B．It's not convenient to recharge batteries.

C．There are few stores that sell ordinary batteries.

D．You will find lots of places worth taking pictures of.

【小題4】Which of the following in Madrid didn't please the author?

A．Parks and buildings.	B．Restaurants and bars.
C．Nightlife	D．Breakfast.

It is natural that young people are often uncomfortable when they are with their parents. They say that their parents don’t understand them. They often think that their parents are out of touch with modern ways, that they are too serious and too strict with their children, and that they seldom give their children a free hand.
It is true that parents often find it difficult to win their children’s trust and they tend to forget how they themselves felt when young.
For example, young people like to act on the spot without much thinking. It is one of their ways to show that they have grown up and they can face any difficult situation. Old people worry more easily. Most of them plan things in advance, at least in the back of their minds, and do not like their plans to be upset by something unexpected.
When you want your parents to let you do something, you will have better success if you ask before you really start doing it.
Young people often make their parents angry with their choices in clothes, in entertainment and in music. But they do not mean to cause any trouble: it is just that they feel cut off from the older people’s world, into which they have not yet been accepted. That’s why young people want to make a new culture of their own, and if their parents don’t like music or entertainment or clothes or their way of speech, this will make the young people extremely happy.
Sometimes you are so proud of yourself that you do not want your parents to say “yes” to what you do. All you want is to be left alone and do what you like. It is natural enough , after being a child for so many years, when you were completely under your parents’ control.
If you prefer to control your life, you’d better win your parents over and try to get them to understand you. If your parents see that you have a high sense of responsibility, they will certainly give you the right to do what you want to do.
【小題1】_______ are to blame for the quarrels between parents and their children, according to this article.

A．Parents	B．Young people
C．Neither parents nor their children	D．Both Parents and their children

【小題2】According to the passage, young people prefer to ______.

A．a(chǎn)sk for advice before they really start to do anything

B．do things without thinking carefully ahead.

C．be very strict with themselves

D．think in the same way as their parents do

【小題3】If a young man intends to control his own life, it’s better for him to _________.

A．do everything according to his own wish.

B．do everything the way his parents do.

C．do everything beyond hid parents’ control.

D．hold himself responsible for everything he does.

It seems hard to watch someone yawn（打哈欠） and not to yawn ourselves. Even reading about yawning can make you do it. Now, a new study has found why yawning has such a powerful force.
Yawning when others yawn, the study suggests, is a sign of pity and a form of social connection. Kids don’t develop this deeply rooted behavior until around age four, the study found. Kids with autism (自閉癥) are less likely to catch yawns. In the most serious cases, they never do. Yawning might help doctors to see whether the children are developing rightly. The work could also lead to a better understanding of the ways that people communicate and connect.
"Emotional infection seems to be a born thing that connects us together," said Molly Helt, a graduate student in psychology at the University of Connecticut. "Yawning may be part of that." Inspiration for her study came when she tried to get her own autistic son to clear his ears on an airplane. She repeatedly yawned at him, hoping he would yawn back. He never did.
"The fact that autistic kids don’t do it might mean they’re really missing out on that emotional connection with people around them," she said. "The biggest thing people try to figure out after birth is how we become humans and understand that humans have minds that are different from others’," she added. "Autistic people never seem to understand that."
Like infectious （有感染力的）laughter and crying, scientists have found that yawning is a shared experience that promotes social connection. Helt said it could fight stress after a period of being nervous and spread a feeling of calm through a group.
【小題1】What does the new study suggest, according to the first two paragraphs?

A．Yawning is a form of communication.

B．It is easy to stop yawning when you see others yawn.

C．Children follow others in yawning just after they are born.

D．Yawning has some mysterious force which is related to God.

【小題2】According to Molly Helt, _________.

A．humans differ from animals because they communicate with others

B．yawning is a kind of emotional connection among humans

C．emotions are infectious, but yawning is not

D．yawning helps clear ears on planes

【小題3】Which of the following is NOT true about yawning?

A．It is natural to yawn back if people around you yawn.

B．Some kids are too young to yawn after others.

C．Yawning can be used to test children’s development.

D．Kids with autism yawn easily when others yawn.

【小題4】The author implies in the last paragraph that ________.

A．yawning is different from infectious laughter and crying in theory

B．it is bad manners to yawn on some social occasions

C．the more you yawn, the happier you will be

D．yawning can make people feel relaxed

The Swiss army knife is a popular device that is recognized all over the world. In Switzerland, there is a saying that every good Swiss citizen has one in his or her pocket. But the knife had poor beginnings.
In the late nineteenth century, the Swiss army issued（發(fā)給） its soldiers a gun that required a special screwdriver（螺絲刀） to take it apart and clean it. At the same time, canned food was becoming common in the army. Swiss generals decided to issue each soldier a standard knife to serve both as a screwdriver and a can opener.
It was a lifesaver for Swiss knife makers, who were struggling to compete with cheaper German imports. In 1884, Carl Elsener, head of the Swiss knife manufacturer（maker） Victorinox, seized that opportunity with both hands, and designed a soldier's knife that the army loved. It was a simple knife with one big blade(刀片), a can opener, and a screwdriver.
A few years after the soldier's knife was issued, the "Schweizer Offizier Messer," or Swiss Officer's Knife, came on the market. Interestingly, the Officer's Knife was never given to those serving in the army. The Swiss army purchasers considered the new model with a corkscrew（瓶塞鉆） for opening wine not "essential for survival," so officers had to buy this new model by themselves. But its special multi-functional design later launched(發(fā)行) the knife as a global brand. After the Second World War, a great number of American soldiers were stationed in Europe. And as they could buy the Swiss army knife at shops on army bases, they bought huge quantities of them. However, it seems that "Schweizer Offizier Messer" was too difficult for them to say, so they just called it the Swiss army knife, and that is the name it is now known by all over the world.
【小題1】What is the main purpose of the passage­?

A．To explain the origin of the Swiss army knife.

B．To introduce the functions of the Swiss army knife.

C．To emphasize the importance of the Swiss army knife.

D．To tell a story about the designer of the Swiss army knife.

【小題2】What does "It" in the third paragraph refer to­?

A．The Swiss army needed a knife for every soldier.

B．Every good Swiss citizen had a knife in his pocket.

C．Swiss knives were competing with imported knives.

D．Canned food was becoming popular in the Swiss army.

【小題3】Why didn't the Swiss army purchase the Swiss Officer's Knife­?

A．The design of the knife was too simple.

B．The knife was sold out to American soldiers.

C．The army had no budget to make the purchase.

D．The new design was not considered necessary for officers to own.

【小題4】Who gave the name "the Swiss army knife" to the knife discussed in the passage­?

A．Carl Elsener.	B．Swiss generals.
C．American soldiers.	D．German businessmen.

College is a fresh start, and a chance to make new friends. These friends may become your lifelong friends, or the person you want to spend the rest of your life with. Whether you are going to a nearby college or the university far away from home, you are likely to meet new people wherever you are. Here are some advice to help you make friends at college.
Clearly, your classmates are all possible friends! Get to class early on the first day, and if you get there early enough, you will be in the room, or waiting outside it, with one other person, or a small group. A good casual opener would be to ask if you’re in the right classroom, then introduce yourself, and explain that you’re new, and a freshman. Do this at all of your classes, and you will have a group of friends that you can make study groups with, take notes for you when you’re absent or sick.
If you live in a dormitory, your hall will most likely have many fun activities to take part in. Take advantage ofthem, and go to as many as you can. Knowing your friends living in the same hall will also come in convenience because they will be the ones hosting and inviting you to parties that you will be missing out. Joining as many organizations as possible will also help you make new friends quickly. Parties are there to help students form close relationship with each other. Doing a team sport is another great idea. The best part of joining an organization is that you’ll find people who share your interests, and with whom you’ll therefore have a lot to talk about.
【小題1】Getting to class early will ___________.

A．give you more information about the teacher

B．let you concentrate more on your class

C．give you a good chance to make friends

D．leave a good impression on others

【小題2】According to the text, the friends you get to know in class may __________.

A．share your interests	B．invite you to parties
C．help you to become a good player	D．take notes for you

【小題3】What is the meaning of freshman in paragraph 2?

A．A classmate.

B．A student in the first year.

C．A girl student.

D．A new teacher.

【小題4】Which piece of advice is NOT given by the author?

A．Make friends with your classmates.

B．Take part in dorm activities.

C．Do the same team sports as your classmates.

D．Join as many organizations as possible.