Parkinson’s is a disease of the central nervous system. It is a progressive disorder, meaning it gets worse over time. The disease affects a small area of cells in the middle of the brain. This area is called the substantial nigra(黑質(zhì)). The cells slowly lose their ability to produce a chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. The decrease in the amonnt of dopamine can result in one or more general signs of Parkinson’s disease. These include shaking of the hands, arms and lege. They also include difficulty moving or keeping balanced while waslking or standing. Also, there may be emotional changes, like feeling depressed or worried. The symptoms（癥狀）of Parkinson’s differ from person to person. They also differ in their intensity（劇烈強(qiáng)度）.

The disease is named after James Parkinson. He was a British doctor who first described this condition in 1817. During the 1960s, researchers discovered changes in the brains of people with the disease These discoveries led to mediums to treat the effects of the disease. There is no cure for Parkinson’s and no way to prevent it. And doctors still are not sure what causes Parkinson’s.

The United States National Institute of Health says at least 500,000 people in the country are believed to have Parkinson’s disease. About 50,000 new eases are reported each year. That number is expected to grow as the average age of the population increases.

Parkinson’s appears most often in people over the age of fifty. Some researchers believe that almost every one would develop Parkinson’s eventually if they lived long enough. Most patients have what is called idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Idiopathic（先天）means the cause is unknown. People who develop the disease often want to link it to something they can identify. This might be a medieval operation or extreme emotional tension.

Yet many doctors reject this idea of a direct link to Parkinson’s. They point to people who have similar experiences and do not develop the disease.

47．If anyone has got the disease, he may have some trouble in　　　　　 .

　　　 A．common rolling　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．physical actions

　　　 C．formal communicating　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．daily eating

48．The disease, Parkinson usually takes place in　　　　 .

　　　 A．nerve system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．the bone

　　　 C．blood system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．the skin

49．From the passage, we could know that it is possible to develop Parkinson’s for .

　　　 A．a(chǎn) teenager　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．a(chǎn) young person

　　　 C．a(chǎn)n aged person　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．a(chǎn) kid

50．The passage tells us that the disease　　　　　 .

　　　 A．usually has the similar symptom　　　　　 B．was first discovered by an Asian

　　　 C．is really easy to infect　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．is really hard to cure at present

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered the blanks by using the information from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School Of Hygiene and Tropica1 Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.
Doctors say, many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms (寄生蟲), influenza (流行性感冒), the common cold, hepatitis (肝炎) A, meningitis (腦膜炎) and infectious diarrhea (腹瀉).
Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people.  
The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean.
The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water．They say you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse (沖洗) the hands with water and dry them.
Title： 　　1　　 
I.   　　2 　　
Many diseases can be prevented by increasing hand-washing with soap.
II. When to do
·Before and after preparing food
·Before eating and after  　　 3　　 
·After handling animal or animal waste
·After cleaning a baby
·After handling money and after sneezing or coughing
·When  　　 4 　　  in your home
III.   　　5　　 
· 　　 6 　　  of hands for about 10-15 seconds
· 　　 7　　  to use special antibacterial soap
Rubbing hands together while using  　　 8 　　  water
IV.  　　 9 　　
Hand-washing could be the most  　　 10 　　  to reduce infectious diseases

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered the blanks by using the information from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School Of Hygiene and Tropica1 Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.

     Doctors say, many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms (寄生蟲), influenza (流行性感冒), the common cold, hepatitis (肝炎) A, meningitis (腦膜炎) and infectious diarrhea (腹瀉).

    Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people.  

   The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean.

   The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water．They say you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse (沖洗) the hands with water and dry them.

Title：  　　1　　 

I.   　　2 　　

  Many diseases can be prevented by increasing hand-washing with soap.

II. When to do

  ·Before and after preparing food

  ·Before eating and after  　　 3　　 

  ·After handling animal or animal waste

  ·After cleaning a baby

  ·After handling money and after sneezing or coughing

  ·When  　　 4 　　  in your home

III.   　　5　　 

  · 　　 6 　　  of hands for about 10-15 seconds

  · 　　 7　　   to use special antibacterial soap

   Rubbing hands together while using  　　 8 　　  water

IV.  　　 9 　　

Hand-washing could be the most  　　 10 　　  to reduce infectious diseases

Flu is a common infection of the nose and throat, and sometimes the lungs. The cause is a virus that passes from one person to another. The virus spreads through the air when an infected person expels air suddenly.

　 Flu develops after the virus enters a person's nose or mouth. The flu causes muscle pain, sudden high body temperature, breathing problems and weakness. Generally, most people feel better after a week or two. But the flu can kill. It is especially dangerous to the very young, the very old and those with weakened defenses against disease.

　 Medical experts have recognized for some time that people become infected with flu during the winter months. But they did not really know why until recently.

American researchers say they now know why the flu virus spreads in the winter and not in the summer. They say it is because the virus remains in the air longer when the air is cold and dry.

Researchers in New York carried out twenty experiments with guinea pigs to investigate how the virus spreads. The researchers found the virus spread the most when the temperature was about five degrees Celsius and the humidity was twenty percent. Few of the guinea pigs developed flu as the temperature increased.

　 The virus stopped spreading completely at thirty degrees Celsius and eighty percent humidity. The researchers also found that the animals spread the virus among themselves nearly two days longer when the temperature was low.

　 One of the researchers said the study shows that flu virus is more likely to infect people during an outdoor walk on a cold day than in a warm room. He said cold air helps the virus survive in the air and low humidity helps it stay there longer. That is because particles of the virus ride on the extremely small drops of water floating in the air. When the air is very humid, water droplets fall to the ground more quickly.

　 The researchers say, however, that people should not stay in warm places all the time in cold weather to avoid the flu. They say the best way to prevent the sickness is to get yearly injections of a vaccine that prevents flu.

1. From the passage we can conclude that ________.

A. flu sometimes is deadly to weak people

B. flu virus can be killed by the warm weather

C. flu virus can be killed by the low humidity

D. animals get infected with flu easier than human beings

2. According to the passage, why is a person infected with the flu easily in winter?

A. Because in winter people tend to stay in the warm room.

B. Because in winter some people stay outdoor for long.

C. Because flu virus survive longer in cold and dry weather.

D. Because people are weaker in winter.

3. Which of the following words can replace the underlined word in the first paragraph?

A. Exposes. B. Breathes.

C. Frees. 　　　 D. Faces.

4. Which of the following will probably be discussed next?

A. How many kinds of flu have been identified.

B. How bird flu affected human being.

C. How the government controlled the flu.

D. How much the vaccine will cost.