取12g石灰石放入燒杯中,向其中加入100g一定質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的稀鹽酸(雜質(zhì)不參加反應(yīng)),至恰好完全反應(yīng).反應(yīng)結(jié)束后,稱量燒杯中剩余物質(zhì)的總質(zhì)量為107.6g(不包括燒杯的質(zhì)量,且氣體溶解忽略不計).試計算:
(1)稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)是多少?
(2)求反應(yīng)后所得溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).
解:設(shè)稀鹽酸中氯化氫的質(zhì)量為X,反應(yīng)后生成氯化鈣的質(zhì)量為Y,參加反應(yīng)的碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量為Z,由題意可知,反應(yīng)后生產(chǎn)二氧化碳12+100-107.6═4.4g
CaCO
3+2HCl═CaCl
2+H
2O+CO
2↑
100 73 111 44
Z X Y 4.4g
═
X═7.3g
═
Y═11.1g
═
Z═10g
稀鹽酸中氯化氫的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為:
×100%═7.3%
由題意可知,反應(yīng)后溶液的質(zhì)量為107.6-(12-10)═105.6g
反應(yīng)后氯化鈣溶液中氯化鈣的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為:
×100%═10.5%
答:(1)稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為7.3% (2)反應(yīng)后溶液的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10.5%
分析:欲求稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),需先求出氯化氫的質(zhì)量,欲求反應(yīng)后溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),需求出反應(yīng)后的溶液氯化鈣溶液中氯化鈣的質(zhì)量.
點評:根據(jù)反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式能表示反應(yīng)中各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量關(guān)系,由反應(yīng)中某物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量可計算出反應(yīng)中其它物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量.