Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their wandering hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started that farming process.
The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation (發(fā)酵) process by chance. No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short time later, it began to ferment.
The Sumerians were able to repeat this process and are assumed to be the first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a “divine drink” which certainly was a gift from the gods. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning “to drink”, and the Spanish word cerveza originates from the Greek goddess of agriculture, Ceres.
A vitamin-rich porridge, used daily, beer is reported to have increased health and longevity and reduced disease and malnutrition (營養(yǎng)不良). The self-medicating properties of alcohol-rich beer also eased the tensions and stresses of daily living in a hostile world. The use of yeast (酵母) was not yet known at that time. The success of the fermentation process was left to chance, as the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air.
Considerable scientific research took place in breweries (釀酒廠) in the 19th century. A famous work from 1876 by Louis Pasteur was Studies Concerning Beer where he revealed his knowledge of micro-organisms. By establishing that yeast is a living microorganism, Pasteur opened the gates for accurately controlling the conversion (轉(zhuǎn)換) of sugar to alcohol.
Another discovery in beer brewing was the work of Christian Hansen, a Danish scientist, who successfully isolated a single yeast cell and induced it to reproduce on an artificial culture medium. With the resulting yeast multiplication (繁殖) methods, the purity of the fermenting process has been improved.
小題1:According to the passage, who was the first to brew beer?
A．The Greeks.B．Christian Hansen.
C．Louis Pasteur.D．The Sumerians.
小題2:The last two paragraphs mainly talk about 　　   　 .
A．the function of micro-organisms
B．the success of the fermentation process
C．two scientific discoveries about brewing
D．the results of yeast multiplication methods
小題3:According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?
A．Grain was the first crop used to brew beer.
B．There are some yeast particles in the air.
C．The word “beer” originates from Latin.
D．Modern beer contains more alcoholic.
小題4:Which would be the best title for the text?
A．The beer culture.B．The history of beer.
C．The earliest brewery.D．Methods of brewing beer.

小題1:D
小題2:C
小題3:D
小題4:B

小題1:D細節(jié)理解題。結(jié)合The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians.可知答案。
小題2:C細節(jié)理解題。結(jié)合最后兩段的各自的第一句可知答案。
小題3:D細節(jié)理解題。結(jié)合第一段可知A項正確；結(jié)合第四段the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air可知B項正確;結(jié)合第3段The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere可知C項正確。
小題4:B文章標題題。結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知本文主要介紹了啤酒的歷史。
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It’s going to be a busy day at Betsy Ross house in Philadelphia on Thursday. She won’t be there, since she died in 1836, but hundreds of tourists will be going through her house.
You see, Thursday is Flag Day in the United States. The unofficial holiday commemorates the adoption of the stars-and-stripes design of the American flag by the Continental Congress 235 years ago, on June 14, 1777. According to lore, the Ross House is the birthplace of the nation’s flag. That’s open to debate, but it’s a story that schoolbooks still tell. Betsy Ross was a seamstress, busy  sewing cushions for chairs in Philadelphia, which was the focus place of the American revolution against British rule. The Declaration of Independence by the colonists was signed there, and so was the new nation’s Constitution after independence was won.
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A．a(chǎn)sk Betsy Ross who created the first American flag
B．meet her grandson who wrote a book about flags
C．debate over who designed the first American flag
D．remember her as the creator of the first American flag
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A．a(chǎn) person who designs flags
B．a(chǎn) person who makes a living by sewing
C．a(chǎn) person who takes part in revolution
D．a(chǎn) person who creates chairs
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A．It implies that the U.S. is independent from Britain
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D．Mother’s Day celebrations are held in different times in the U.S. every year
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A．a(chǎn)ll the people should celebrate Mother’s Day
B．only mothers are honored on Mother’s Day
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B．Because the tower had the same building style as theirs.
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D．Skyfall will be shot in South Africa and India.
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A．Skyfall will also be a Bond film.
B．Skyfall will be a great film.
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D．Skyfall will be set in the sky.
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A．The film Skyfall will be released later than planned.
B．It is the first time that Daniel Craig has played Bond.
C．Daniel Craig receives little attention from movie fans.
D．Quantum of Solace has made the most money so far.

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Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy lean? It leans because of a mistake. It has leaned almost since the day the tower was built.
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It took almost 180 years to finish the tower. Since then, the tower has leaned by another millimeter every year. Today, the Leaning Tower has eight floors and is 54.5 meters tall. By 1990, it was leaning by about 4 meters to one side. It was also slowly sinking into the ground. Many people became worried that it would soon fall apart.
In 1998, repair works began on the tower, and by the end of 2001, it had been moved back by 45 centimeters. The tower will still lean, however, so it will need to be repaired again---in another 200 years.
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C. schools and colleges in America  D. rights for American women
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A. The Bronte sisters thought that they were men.
B. England's first training school for nurses was in Ohio.
C. There are more men than women in professional job.
D. Women find it necessary to work harder than before.
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A. The typewriter was made in the 1970's. 
B. Most Englanders are doctors or lawyers.
C. People's ideas about women's work have changed.
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