Washington: A research conducted at the University of Maryland looks at the numerous complex reasons as to why young children decide to include or exclude (排斥) other kids from their group of friends.
It suggests that the kids’ decision-making process is much more complex than previously believed.
"They take into account group information, ranging from cliques (小圈子) and networks, when deciding what makes a group work well. Sometimes kids are excluded because they lack social skills, but a lot of time it has nothing to do with that. Instead it has to do with what we refer to as ’group membership’ such as gender, race, nation, and culture," says Professor Melanie Killen, the Associate Director of the Centre for Children Relationships and Culture at Maryland, who led the 4-year project.
Reporting their findings in the journal, the researcher said whatever was the reason, individuals who experienced long-term exclusion (排斥) from the group of friends suffered from depression, anxiety and loneliness.
The study looked at two models to define how children make decisions regarding acceptance of other kids in their group -- the individual social deficit model and the inter-group social cognition (認(rèn)同) model. While the former says that children’s rejection occurs due to social deficits like shyness, wariness or fearfulness, the latter says that it happens because of group dynamics, prejudice and exclusion.
It was also found that the age of children was also a factor that influenced their decisions regarding other kids’ acceptance as friends.
"With age, kids become more aware of group dynamics, conventions, customs, and rituals. With this comes a greater concern about group functioning, which can lead to exclusion which can be negative from a social justice viewpoint," says Killen.
The researcher believes that her study may have many benefits, as it could provide insights into how to help when children are rejected by their peers.
小題1:While making friends, kids think more about the following EXCEPT ______.
A．social skillsB．cultureC．raceD．gender
小題2:The underlined word "deficit" in Paragraph 5 may mean “_______”.
A．skillB．relationshipC．weaknessD．experience
小題3:One of the major purposes of the research is to _______.
A．tell the reader how to tell inclusion from exclusion
B．remind children to be careful while making friends
C．seek ways to help kids excluded by their peers
D．stop the children belonging to the inter-group social cognition model
小題4:While making friends, children exclude those of social deficit model to _______.
A．keep their groups purer
B．make their groups more socially powerful
C．refuse other customs and cultures
D．prove their groups to be strict

小題1:A
小題1:C
小題1:C
小題1:B
孩子怎樣在社會上交友？可以將他們分成幾種類型？它們的特點(diǎn)是什么？本文將回答這些問題。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二、三句可知：盡管孩子交友時(shí)有時(shí)排斥那些缺乏社會技巧的人，但是大多數(shù)時(shí)候是根據(jù)性別、種族、民族和文化等因素來確定的。用心愛心專心選A
小題1:詞義辨析題。本段最后一句對social deficits做了解釋：諸如shyness wariness or fearfulness，可見該詞意思是指社會交往中的個性弱點(diǎn)。選C
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。可從最后一段得此答案。選C
小題1:綜合理解題。第三段說social deficits型的孩子害羞、膽怯；倒數(shù)第二段說隨著年齡的增長，他們會意識到group dynamics（團(tuán)體力量）的重要性，而且越來越關(guān)心group functioning（團(tuán)體的社會功能），由此可知B是正確答案。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Thousands of people have been killed in a massive(大規(guī)模的) earthquake in Japan. The quake -- the most powerful to hit Japan in more than 100 years -- caused massive damage and many people are missing and feared dead.
The 8.9 magnitude quake struck Friday(March 11) off Japan's eastern coast, and prompted(引發(fā)) tsunami warnings（海嘯警報(bào)）across the Pacific as far away as South America and the U.S. West Coast. Several days after a 8.9-magnitude earthquake and resulting 10-meter-high tsunami devastated the coastline. The United States Geological Survey says it was the fifth largest earthquake since 1900. The largest, with a 9.5 magnitude, shook Chile(智利) in 1960.
　　In Japan, the tsunami swept away boats, cars and hundreds of houses in coastal areas north of Tokyo. The quake shook buildings in the Japanese capital and caused several fires. All train and subway traffic in Tokyo has been stopped, and thousands of people there were unable to get back home. People are just trying to find clean water. Food supplies are running out. In the convenience stores, there are no rice balls left. There is no bottled water left. People are facing a really serious situation in the days ahead for these people that are living in areas that were only moderately（普通的） damaged. The final death toll could range from the thousands to tens of thousands, depending on how many of these communities are gone.
Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said the government would do everything it can to minimize（使降到最低） the effects of the disaster. And in Washington, President Obama said the United States is ready to help the people of Japan.
小題1:The underline word damage means_____________ in the article.
A．illnessB．disasterC．terrorD．danger
小題2:Which is true according to the passage?
A．Thousands of people have been killed in a massive earthquake in Japan.
B．Only people in areas that were only moderately damaged are facing a really serious situation in the days.
C．The tsunami devastatednot only the coastline in Japan, but also the areas across the Pacific as far away as South America and the U.S. West Coast.
D．The massive earthquake caused the tsunami.
小題3:According to the passage, which earthquake is the largest one since 1990 ?
A．the one happened in Japan on March 11, 2011
B．the one in Chile in 1960
C．the fifth largest earthquake since 1900
D．We don't know.
小題4:If you're in Tokyo these days, what you can't get from the convenience store?
A．newspapers and magazines
B．some medicine
C．paper napkins and toothpastes
D．rice balls and bottled water
小題5:The passage can't be in/on __________.
A．March 10th newspapersB．TVC． InternetD． Radios

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Sydney—A shark savaged a schoolboy's leg while he was surfing with his father at a beach in Sydney on February 23.It was the third shark attack along the coast of Australia's largest city in a month.
The 15-year-old boy and his father were in the water off Avalon，on Sydney's northern beaches，around dawn when he was attacked.The city's beaches are packed with locals and tourists during the summer months.
“The father heard a scream and turned to see his son thrashing(激烈扭動)about in the water，”the police said.“Fortunately，the shark swam away and the boy was helped to the shore by his father.”
Lifesaving Club spokesman Nick Miller said，“It got him around the top of his left leg and the father came and dragged him out of water.”He said the boy was bleeding heavily when he was brought to the shore.“There was a lot of pain，as you can imagine.”The teenager was airlifted to hospital for treatment for leg injuries.
Police said the bites “cut through to the bone”，but the boy did not appear to have sustained any fractures (骨折)．He was in a stable condition now.
Several beaches were closed after the attack.Water police and lifeguards were searching for the shark，while the police hoped to identify its species by the shape of the bite marks.But they said it was too early to say what type of shark attacked the boy.“I don't even know if he saw it，”Miller said.
Many shark species live in the waters off Sydney's beaches，but attacks on humans are still relatively rare.However，there were two attacks on successive days earlier this month，one on a navy diver in Sydney harbor，not far from the famous Opera House，and the other on a surfer at the city's world-famous Bondi beach.
Fishermen say shark numbers are on the rise.There is a ban on commercial fishing in the harbor，which has increased fish stocks.Marine experts also claim environmental protection has created a cleaner environment，attracting sharks closer to the shore as they chase fish.Many shark species，including the Great White—the man-eaters made famous in Steven Spielberg's Jaws—are protected in Australian waters.
小題1:The report mainly tells us ________.
A．shark attacks on humans are on the rise
B．sharks attacked humans three times in one month
C．a(chǎn) boy was attacked by a shark at a Sydney beach
D．shark numbers are increasing in the waters off Sydney's beaches
小題2:The underlined word “savaged” in the first paragraph probably means “________”．
A．a(chǎn)ttracted　　B．draggedC．bitD．packed
小題3:What do we know about the city of Sydney from the passage?
B．Sydney harbor is not far from the famous Opera House.
C．There are many locals and tourists on its coast all the year round.
D．There are few shark species in the waters off Sydney's beaches.
小題4:About the injury of the boy we know that ________.
A．he was losing much blood when he was dragged out
B．he was very nervous when he was sent to hospital
C．he may be in danger of losing his leg
D．he was injured in the right leg
小題5:All the following are the causes of Australia's sharks' increasing EXCEPT that ________.
A．environmental protection has created a cleaner environment
B．a(chǎn) ban on commercial fishing has increased fish numbers
C．many shark species are protected in Australian waters
D．the film Jaws has made the Great White famous

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Angry survivors demanded answers on Sunday after a terrible stampede（踩踏）at “Love Parade 2010”, a music festival in Germany, killed 19 people and left hundreds hurt.
The German Chancellor Angela Merkel expressed her shock over Saturday’s tragedy in the western city of Duisburg. “This was a very sad day,” Merkel said. “We must do everything we can to ensure that something like this never happens again.”
Witnesses said that people pushed into the narrow tunnel, the only entrance to the Love Parade festival, from both sides until it was dangerously overcrowded. The panic began as festival-goers began to lose consciousness as they were crushed against the walls and each other. The dead included eight foreigners, from Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, China, Bosnia and Spain. More than 340 people were injured.
After the panic, a lot of emergency vehicles, including helicopters, could be seen parked on the highway leading to helicopters, could be seen parked on the highway leading to the festival site, carrying away the injured people. The festival itself, however, went on. Police were afraid that ending the music altogether could cause further unrest among the crowd.
“The event was a real mess,” Patrick Guenter, a 22-year-old baker, said.  “Although the festival was full, they kept letting people in.” he added. “It seems the organizers didn’t plan the route. The road was very narrow, and no one knew what was going on.” Said Taggart Bowen-Gaddy,20,an American from Philadelphia.
Officials said 4,000 police officers and 1,000 security guards provided security for the event, which attracted up to 1.4 million people. The authorities had only given organizers permission for 250,000 people to attend.
“I warned one year ago that Duisburg was not a suitable place for the Love Parade. The city is too small and narrow for such events. It is a pity that…” German police union chief Rainer Wendt told the Bild.
The chief organizer, Rainer Schaller, said the popular event would never be held again, “out of respect for the victims and their families”.
First held in Berlin in 1989 just months before the fall of the Wall, the Love Parade is one of the biggest music festivals in Europe. It left Berlin from 2007 onwards after disagreements with the city authorities over security and has been held in several other German cities in recent years.
小題1:How did the German Chancellor Angela Merkel feel about the tragedy?
A．Very disappointed.B．Angry and surprised.
C．Very puzzled.D．Touched.
小題2:According to Patrick Gunter and Taggart Bowen-Gaddy, ________.
A．the event was well-organized
B．the performance was wonderful
C．Duisburg was suitable for the Love Parade
D．the organization was very bad
小題3:We can infer that __________.
A．Rainer Wendt’s warning went unnoticed
B．Rainer Wendt was a chief organizer of Love Parade 2010
C．Rainer Wendt is a music lover
D．Duisburg is a famous holiday destination
小題4:We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．the Love Parade has been canceled forever
B．the Love Parade is a very popular sport event
C．the festival was ended shortly after the panic
D．the Love Parade has a history of over 30 years

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


London: It’s well known that Charles Darwin’s famous theory of evolution annoyed many people because it was against the Biblical view of creation. But few know that it also created problems for Darwin at home with his deeply religious wife, Emma.
“Darwin held back the publication of On the Origin of Species to avoid offending (觸怒) his wife,” says Ruth Padel, the naturalist’s great – great – granddaughter. “Emma told him that he seemed to be putting God further and further off”, Padel says in her north London home. “But they talked it through, and Emma once said, ‘Don’t change any of your ideas for fear of hurting me.’”
As the world celebrates the 200th birthday of the man who changed scientific thought forever and the 150th anniversary of his book today, even his opponents admitted he was a giant figure.
Though opposition to his theory continues, it is the elegant explanation of how species evolutes through natural selection that makes his 200th birthday such a major event.
More than 300 celebrations have been planned in Britain alone, where Darwin's face graces (使增光)the 10-pound bill along with that of Queen Elizabeth II.
Shrewsbury, the central England town where Darwin was born and raised, is holding a month-long festival for its most famous son. Down House, his former home near London, will hold a permanent exhibition recreating some of his most famous experiments.
Many more events have been planned all over the world.
What would he be doing if he were alive today? Padel thinks he would properly be studying DNA and the immune system.
小題1:The main purpose of the author is          .
A．to say something about Darwin and his wife
B．to introduce Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution
C．to sing high praise for the book On the Origin of Species
D．to report some celebrations of Darwin’s 200th birthday and the 150th anniversary of his books
小題2:Which of the statements is NOT true based on the passage?
A．Everyone agrees with Darwin now.
B．Darwin was brought up in Shrewsbury.
C．Emma was not really fond of his theory.
D．Darwin was very interested in living things.
小題3:The underlined phrase “held back” in the second paragraph probably means        .
A．prevented fromB．kept a secretC．cared aboutD．put off
小題4:It can be inferred that the passage is most probably          .
A．a(chǎn) scientific reportB．a(chǎn) news report
C．a(chǎn)n English compositionD．a(chǎn) text

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

United States President George W. Bush is expected to issue a directive in the next few weeks. It will give the US Air Force a green light for the development of space weapons, US media reported last week.
This would potentially start a new global arms race, some experts have warned.
To keep that from happening, last Wednesday the White House explained that it was not considering putting weapons in space. It said it was making a shift in US space policy to allow for protection of satellites.
But some defense analysts and arms control advocates argue that the policy will pave the way for the US to put both defensive and offensive  weapons in space.
“No one should be fooled,” said Theresa Hitchens, an American weapons expert.
The US is now restricted by a 1996 directive  signed by President Bill Clinton. Plans for space weapons were vetoed by the Clinton cabinet. The directive emphasized the peaceful use of space , in agreement with almost unanimous global opinion.
The US military has placed importance on space and has sent up numberous satellites for troop communications and to provide intelligence and data to guide bombs to their targets.
The US Air Force wants to develop space- based weapons that could strike targets anywhere in the world within 90 minutes of receiving the order to open fire.
These new weapons under development cover a wide range. They include hunter- killer satellites and orbiting weapons. And they use lasers, radio waves, or even dense metal tubes, known as “ Rods from God”, dropped from space to do the damage.
There are many barriers to the setting up of this kind of program, experts say.
First is the coast. It is estimated that the budget may be US $220 billion to US $ 1 trillion .
The technical difficulties of developing reliable space weapons are also a problem.
And, the program will draw strong criticism from around the world. Experts worry about starting a space arms race.
小題1:Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A．US Military Plans
B．The Global Arms Race
C．A Comparison between Two Presidents
D．President George W. Bush and the World Peace
小題2:According to this passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A．President George W. Bush supports space weapon development.
B．The space weapon program will threaten world peace
C．Clinton government was poorer than Bush government.
D．The US space weapon project is very expensive.
小題3:After reading this passage, it can be inferred that “___________ “.
A．George W. Bush’s directive to be issued will be against global opinions
B．The White House is right in explaining that US new space policy aims to protect satellites
C．US government has little difficulty in developing new space weapons
D．President George W. Bush and Bill Clinton share a lot in common
小題4:The author’s attitude towards the coming space weapon development is _______.
A．optimisticB．criticalC．excitedD．indifferent

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

MEGADIM, Israel (AP)-The worst forest fire in Israel's history on Thursday destroyed one of the country's few forested areas, killing at least 36 guards on their way to rescue prisoners there, destroying homes and forcing the evacuation (疏散) of thousands. The fire ran through the Carmel forest in Israel's Galilee, reaching the coastal city of Haifa, jumping from place to place in the forest. The fire broke out around midday and quickly spread and was still burning out of control as midnight approached. Investigators (調(diào)查者) supposed that the fire could have been set accidentally, or it might have been a criminal act, but pretty much ruled out (排除) some sort of attack by a Palestinian group. “This is a huge disaster，” Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said. “The government is using all means to control the fire.” He said some countries such as Cyprus, Italy, Russia and Greece agreed to provide backup. Most of the dead were Prison Service guards racing through the fire toward a prison to evacuate the prisoners, most of them Palestinians. A tree fell across the road, blocking their bus. Some guards were burned alive inside, while others died as they tried to escape. Fourteen bodies were found near the burnt bus 10 hours after the fire started. The fire heavily damaged one of Israel's few large forests, made up of natural growth and planted areas, a favorite place for camping and a home for dozens of species of wildlife. Forestry workers tried to evacuate animals from the fire. The forest recovered slowly from a fire in 1989, but experts said Thursday's big fire was many times worse.
小題1:Some Prison Service guards died when they tried to ________.
A．control the running prisoners B．put out the fierce forest fire
C．get away from the burning busD．save the guards trapped in the fire ．
小題2:According to the investigators, which of the following might be the cause of the fire?
A．Prisoners set the fire purposely.B．The fire broke out all by itself.
C．A Palestinian group did it.D．The fire was started by accident.
小題3:We learn from the text that ________.
A．a(chǎn)ll of the dead were Prison Service guards
B．the forest once suffered a fire in the 1980s
C．the animals didn't suffer from the fire
D．the fire caused 50 deaths altogether ．
小題4:The text is mainly about ________.
A．the worst forest fire in Israel's history
B．the actual cause of the worst ever forest fire
C．the damage caused by the forest fire
D．the government's efforts in controlling the fire

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

NEW YORK CITY?A hurricane warning has been given for New York City．Forecasters say Hurricane Irene could cause widespread flooding, power failure and billions of dollars in damage．About 65 million Americans live in Hurricane Irene’s projected path —many of whom have been evacuated．
In New York City, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has ordered the city’s first-ever evacuation． Roughly 250,000 people have been told to leave their homes in low-lying areas, including the Wall Street financial district．
WASHINGTON D．C．—On Aug．24, 2011, Apple announced that Mr．Steve Jobs, who has battled cancer for several years, was stepping down as the CEO but would serve as chairman．
In January, he had announced that he was taking a medical leave of absence from Apple．In announcing his leave, he turned daily oversight of the company over to the chief operating officer, Timothy D．Cook, and it was Mr．Cook whom Apple named to succeed him as the next CEO of the company．
TRIPOLI—Opposition forces in Libya say they control more than 90 percent of the country．It is still not clear where Moammar Gadhafi is．The opposition has offered more than 1,600,000 dollars for his capture （逮捕）．The head of the opposition forces said his group supports a decision by local businessmen to provide the money in an effort to speed up the capture．Earlier Wednesday, government forces fired onto the former headquarters （總部） of Mr．Gadhafi, which is now controlled by opposition forces．Heavy fighting also continued near Tripoli’s airport and in a town of Zuara．
小題1:The underlined word "evacuated" probably means ________．
A．sent away to safer places
B．gathered around to higher positions
C．flooded off to lower reaches
D．left behind to dangerous situations
小題2:Who has been appointed as the new CEO of Apple?
A．Steve Jobs．B．Michael Bloomberg．
C．Moammar Gadhafi．D．Timothy
小題3:From the news above, we know that in Libya _______．
A．the local businessmen have offered money to catch hold of Gadhafi
B．the opposition forces suffered a thorough defeat near Tripoli’s airport
C．the government forces are defending the headquarters of Mr．Gadhafi
D．the town ofZuara is the place where Moammar Gadhafi probably hides

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Fans of the British royal family around the world are making plans for April 29th, 2011. That’s the date that Prince William and Catherine Middleton are to tie the knot at Westminster Abbey in London.
A royal wedding is a rare and unique event in Britain so for many it’s something worth celebrating, particularly if you are in the business of making memorabilia (收藏品).
Producers of these souvenirs are wasting no time in manufacturing key rings, mugs, teapots and tea towels, mostly with the faces of the happy couple emblazoned on the front. These are the must buy items that royal followers want to get their hands on.
Some people may argue the royal wedding is a huge public cost but production and sale of memorabilia is good for business. Former politician, Lord Archer, has commented that, “In this age when we are trying to balance the books, the royal family are a great benefit to Great Britain Limited.”
A porcelain-making company, called Royal Crown Derby, is already manufacturing souvenir pottery. Louise Adams from the company says “we started designing, truly, about two years ago.” It is big business for China too, where much of the merchandise that marks the big event is made.
But why are people so keen to get their hands on a commemorative mug, so much so that one British supermarket has already seen them flying off the shelves?
Obviously, we like to remember an event like this and maybe it makes us feel as though we are part of the occasion. However their monetary value is likely to be low. Eric Knowles from the BBC’s Antiques Roadshow claims, “The vast majority of it will be worthless.”
Modern day souvenirs tend to be mass-produced making them cheap and easy to find. However limited edition or high-end items tend to keep their value and could be a better investment for the future.
But there is one thing we can guarantee that won’t be mass-produced and cheap. That’s the wedding dress for Princess Catherine, as Catherine Middleton will be known.
(   ) 小題1:. From the first three paragraphs we can learn that         .
A．many fans of the British royal family will be invited to London on April 29th, 2011
B．Prince William and Catherine Middleton are getting married at Westminster Abbey on April 29th,
2011
C．many fans of the royal family will tie the knot on the same day in London
D．fans of the royal family will join in making souvenirs
(   ) 小題2:.  The obvious feature of the souvenirs mentioned in the passage is that         .
A．they are all tiny and easy to carry
B．some of them are linked with tea
C．a(chǎn)ll of them are marked with dates and pictures
D．most of them display the pictures of the couple
(   ) 小題3:. It can be inferred from the passage that         .
A．the production of souvenirs has begun long before the big event
B．the sale of souvenirs has not begun yet
C．people buy souvenirs mainly for their monetary value
D．production of souvenirs has little profit
(   ) 小題4:.  Which of the following is a better investment according to the passage?
A．Souvenirs that fly off the shelves.B．Best-selling souvenirs
C．Mass-produced souvenirs.D．Souvenirs released limitedly.
(   ) 小題5:.  What’s the writer’s attitude towards producing and selling souvenirs?
A．Supportive.B．Negative.C．Uninterested.D．Indifferent.

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