Question

Exercise seems to be good for the human brain, with many recent studies suggesting that regular exercise improves memory and thinking skills. But an interesting new study asks whether the apparent cognitive benefits from exercise are real or just a placebo effect — that is, if we think we will be “smarter” after exercise, do our brains respond accordingly? The answer has significant implications for any of us hoping to use exercise to keep our minds sharp throughout our lives.

While many studies suggest that exercise may have cognitive benefits, recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect. So researchers at Florida State University in Tallahassee and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign decided to focus on expectations, on what people anticipate that exercise will do for thinking. If people’s expectations jibe (吻合) closely with the actual benefits, then at least some of those improvements are probably a result of the placebo effect and not of exercise.

For the new study, which was published last month in PLOS One, the researchers recruited 171 people through an online survey system, they asked half of these volunteers to estimate by how much a stretching and toning regimens (拉伸運動) performed three times a week might improve various measures of thinking. The other volunteers were asked the same questions, but about a regular walking program.

In actual experiments, stretching and toning program generally have little if any impact on people’s cognitive skills. Walking, on the other hand, seems to substantially improve thinking ability.

But the survey respondents believed the opposite, estimating that the stretching and toning program would be more beneficial for the mind than walking. The estimates of benefits from walking were lower.

These data, while they do not involve any actual exercise, are good news for people who do exercise. “The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect,” said Cary Stothart, a graduate student in cognitive psychology at Florida State University, who led the study.

If expectations had been driving the improvements in cognition seen in studies after exercise, Mr. Stothart said, then people should have expected walking to be more beneficial for thinking than stretching. They didn’t, implying that the changes in the brain and thinking after exercise are physiologically genuine.

The findings are strong enough to suggest that exercise really does change the brain and may, in the process, improve thinking, Mr. Stothart said. That conclusion should encourage scientists to look even more closely into how, at a molecular level, exercise remodels the human brain, he said. It also should encourage the rest of us to move, since the benefits are, it seems, not imaginary, even if they are in our head.

1.Which of the following about the placebo effect is TRUE according to the passage?

A. It occurs during exercise.

B. It has cognitive benefits.

C. It is just a mental reaction.

D. It is a physiological response.

2.Why did the researchers at the two universities conduct the research?

A. To discover the placebo effect in the exercise.

B. To prove the previous studies have a big drawback.

C. To test whether exercise can really improve cognition.

D. To encourage more scientists to get involved in the research.

3.What can we know about the research Cary Stothart and his team carried out?

A. They employed 171 people to take part in the actual exercise.

B. The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists.

C. The participants thought walking had a greater impact on thinking ability.

D. Their conclusion drives scientists to do research on the placebo effect.

4.What might be the best title for the passage?

A. Is it necessary for us to take exercise?

B. How should people exercise properly?

C. What makes us smarter during exercise?

D. Does exercise really make us smarter?

Answer 1

1.C

2.C

3.B

4.D

【解析】

試題分析：本文針對運動是否有益大腦認知這一現(xiàn)象展開討論，搬出了一個由大學(xué)合作得出的結(jié)論，的確有益，可信度較高�？磥硭闹�發(fā)達的人不見得頭腦簡單哦！

1.C細節(jié)理解題。placebo effect安慰劑效應(yīng)。文章第一段第二句的補充說明that is, if we think we will be “smarter” after exercise, do our brains respond accordingly？，句意：那就是，如果我們認為我們做完運動后會聰明，大腦會做出相應(yīng)反應(yīng)嗎？由此得知，這種情況或為積極的心理暗示帶來的效應(yīng)。It is just a mental reaction僅僅為一種心理反應(yīng)。故選C

2.C細節(jié)理解題。第二段第一句recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect，句意：最近一些科學(xué)家開始質(zhì)疑，運動對思維有益的顯著效果是不是一種安慰劑效應(yīng)。由此得知， To test whether exercise can really improve cognition實驗論證是兩所大學(xué)實驗的目的。故選C

3.B 細節(jié)理解題。第六段第二句Cary Stothart說的話 The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect，句意：我們的實驗結(jié)果表明有氧健身（對大腦）的益處不是一種安慰劑效應(yīng)。由此The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists.便移除了那些科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑的念頭。故選B

4.D主旨大意題。Does exercise really make us smarter?運動使人聰明嗎？全文圍繞這一觀點展開討論，舉出兩所大學(xué)合作實驗的成功案例來作為論據(jù)。其他選型偏離太大，故選D

考點：考查社科類說明文閱讀