People diet to look more attractive．Fish diet to avoid being beaten up，thrown out of their social group，and getting eaten as a result．That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists．
　　The research team have discovered that subordinate(低一等的) fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors．"In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals，a male and female，had breeding（繁殖）rights within the group，" explains Marian Wong．"All other group members are nonbreeding females，each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor．We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation．"
　　The reason for the size difference was easy to see．Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor，it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group．More often than not，the evicted fish is then eaten up．
　　It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish．Whether they did so voluntarily，by restraining how much they ate，was not clear．The research team decided to do an experiment．They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened．To their surprise，the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered，clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights，over having a feast．
　　The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group．Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves，so keeping their competitors small．
　　While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious，Dr．Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understand how hierarchical（等級(jí)的）societies remain stable．
　　The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans．"As yet，we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature，" the researchers comment．"Data on human dieting suggests that，while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness，rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females' own ideal．"
小題1:When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor，it _________．
A．leaves the group itselfB．has breeding rights
C．eats its competitorD．faces danger
小題2:The underlined words "the evicted fish" in Paragraph 3 refer to _________．
A．the fish beaten up B．the fish driven away
C．the fish found outD．the fish fattened up
小題3:The experiment showed that the smaller fish _________．
A．fought over a feastB．preferred some extra food
C．challenged the boss fishD．went on diet willingly
小題4:What is the text mainly about?
A．Fish dieting and human dieting．B．Dieting and health．
C．Human dieting．D．Fish dieting．

小題1:D
小題2:B
小題3:D
小題4:D

試題分析：全文說(shuō)明了最新的研究成果——魚(yú)類(lèi)為什么節(jié)食。文章先以人為對(duì)比，引出魚(yú)類(lèi)節(jié)食這個(gè)話題，在隨后的幾個(gè)段落里，作者要對(duì)這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行具體說(shuō)明。
小題1:推理判斷題。從第二段each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor可得知如果身體大小超過(guò)權(quán)威的規(guī)定范圍，會(huì)有被毆打、驅(qū)逐最后被吃掉的危險(xiǎn)。選D
小題2:猜測(cè)詞義題。從本段前文可知，體積超標(biāo)的魚(yú)會(huì)被趕出魚(yú)群。接著說(shuō)到，不僅如此，這些魚(yú)往往會(huì)被吃掉。這些魚(yú)一定是指被驅(qū)逐的魚(yú)。選B
小題3:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。從第四段中的試驗(yàn)和句子：To their surprise，the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered，clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights，over having a feast．可得知這些魚(yú)是自愿節(jié)食。故選D
小題4:主旨大意題。從文章的第一段的內(nèi)容Fish diet to avoid being beaten up，thrown out of their social group，and getting eaten as a result．和文章通篇可知都是圍繞魚(yú)的節(jié)食來(lái)敘述。故選 D。
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