初三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)資料
八種動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，有的只要求達(dá)到理解層次，有的則要求達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用層次。至少其中五種時(shí)態(tài)包括過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是要求達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用層次的，而且其考查方式肯定不會(huì)以某一時(shí)態(tài)的獨(dú)立形式出現(xiàn)，而是時(shí)態(tài)的綜合運(yùn)用，尤其要重視各種時(shí)態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。
找出它們之間的不同冠詞的用法.
現(xiàn)以冠詞為例：
1.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost
just now.
A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the
2.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
3.There is ___ 800-metre-long road behind ___ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
4._______ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a
5.________ bad weather!I hope it won't last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a
6._______ they are listening to the teacher!
A.How careful B.What careful C.How carefully D.What carefully
由上例題我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)冠詞和感嘆句是必考內(nèi)容。同樣，象賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序、代詞的格、主謂語(yǔ)一致、動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配、近義詞的比較以及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用等，無(wú)一不在考查之列。 所有這一切語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，我都將通過(guò)對(duì)典型試題的解題分析，展開討論，分層展示難易對(duì)比，系統(tǒng)歸納。 對(duì)于語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是這樣處理，那么對(duì)以能力測(cè)試為主要目的的中考其他試題形式又該怎么辦呢？ 這里我們以一篇完形填空題為例：
A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅館)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐館)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服務(wù)員)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7).
The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(聲音),"Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?"
1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave
2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because
3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought
5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise
7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told
9.A.can't B.don't C.won't D.mustn't 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter
要求考生從所給的選項(xiàng)中選出正確答案，使補(bǔ)足后的短文意思通順，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。對(duì)此，考生必須通篇考慮，不能拿來(lái)就做，那樣必然顧此失彼，前后意思不得連貫。目前的中考完型還側(cè)重于語(yǔ)法，這將在逐年試題的變革中轉(zhuǎn)向按上下文的要求來(lái)推斷理解。
在解這類題時(shí)，必須掌握“詞感現(xiàn)象”，注意學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分“干擾項(xiàng)”。所謂詞感，“the sense of word"是指一種對(duì)詞或詞群的感受能力。對(duì)詞的感受力強(qiáng)，在解題時(shí)會(huì)較為容易地找到它與情景的關(guān)系。詞感并不僅僅指詞與詞之間的細(xì)微差異，也并不注重詞的搭配與組合，它較多地強(qiáng)調(diào)選用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~，以利于對(duì)情景作出合乎邏輯的判斷。同時(shí)也就把其它三個(gè)作為干擾項(xiàng)的選擇項(xiàng)排除掉了。最后復(fù)讀一篇全文，就會(huì)語(yǔ)感流暢，句意明確。
這兒舉例的目的是想說(shuō)明，我從一個(gè)較高的立意來(lái)對(duì)中考題型，特別是完形、閱讀等，進(jìn)行分析、探討，借以使同學(xué)們獲得較為完整的解題思路和解題方法。
詞匯（一）
這一講里，主要幫助同學(xué)們掌握名詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞的用法，特別是針對(duì)同學(xué)不易掌握的方面。
一、名詞 關(guān)于名詞，我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù)，名詞的格。
單數(shù)可用a、an來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an，而不是a
1.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法：(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s，如：dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es，如：watch--watches。
(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es， 如：country--countries。
請(qǐng)區(qū)別：如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，則只須加s。 如：monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西紅柿)加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。
(5)以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f、fe為v再加es， 如：knife--knives。
2.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞：sheep--sheep，fish--fish Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese
3.特殊變化的單詞有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth
(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen
請(qǐng)區(qū)別：German(德國(guó)人)―Germans (3)child―children
4.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(褲子) glasses(眼鏡) ,這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語(yǔ)，用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式，實(shí)際上是單數(shù)。這一點(diǎn)是同學(xué)不易掌握的，應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如：news(消息)，maths(數(shù)學(xué))，physics(物理) No news is good news.
6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)
不可數(shù)名詞：1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常看成單數(shù)。如：Some bread__________over there.(be)
3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
4.常用a piece of,a cup of等來(lái)表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達(dá)“兩片面包”這樣的意義，bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞，不加s，而piece則可加s。即：twopiecesof bread
請(qǐng)區(qū)別：可數(shù)名詞也可用量來(lái)表示， 如：三箱蘋果three boxes of apples
例： 1、These two pieces of bread __________over there.(be)
2、Could I have three
___________,please？
A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads
名詞的格 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法，在名詞后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's譯為“…的”，若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday，而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加's 。如：Children's Day
關(guān)于名詞所有格，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：
1.可用名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn)。 如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去醫(yī)生家。
2.表示兩人共同擁有，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加's 如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的
3.掌握詞組：a girl of five 一個(gè)五歲的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友
eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kate's,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kate's,my
二、冠詞
冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的，也是簡(jiǎn)單的部分，所以同學(xué)們有必要掌握其基本用法，歸納起來(lái)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點(diǎn)： 1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the
2.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前，如：an hour,an English car. 請(qǐng)區(qū)別：a useful machine
3.指上文提到過(guò)的人或物，用定冠詞the
4.在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前用定冠詞the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth
5.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前，表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。如：the first,the best ,in the south
6.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，�？闯蓮�(fù)數(shù)。
如：The Browns are going to
7.在介詞短語(yǔ)中常用定冠詞the，如：in the box ,behind the chair
8.特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個(gè)方面：
(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：in summer,in August
請(qǐng)區(qū)別：in the spring of 1945. (這里表示特指，故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名不用冠詞。 如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定詞組中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.
9.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無(wú)冠詞意思不同，請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別：
in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里
in the front of 在…范圍內(nèi)的前部 in hospital (生病)住院
練習(xí):There's _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital.
A.an,an
B.a, a
C.an, the D.a,
the
三、數(shù)詞
同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)會(huì)讀會(huì)寫所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查，中考常采用單選題及聽力題，這些題型歸納起來(lái)，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)特別容易出錯(cuò)的地方。
1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為：
1,2,3特殊記，加th從4起 (first,second,third,fourth)
8少t，9去e，千萬(wàn)別忘記 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12，ve變f (fifth,twelfth)
20到90，y要變ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是幾十幾，前基后序別倒位 (ninety-first)
2.hundred,thousand,million 在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。 如：five hundred people. 只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時(shí)才加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì)的，成百上千的 thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì)的，成千上萬(wàn)的
millions of 數(shù)百萬(wàn)的 這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。
3.序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the 連用。
練習(xí):①Henry has learned eight _________ French
words this year.
A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of
②The _________lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)
另外，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。
順讀法(鐘點(diǎn)＋分鐘)
如：
4:15 four fifteen 倒讀法(分鐘＋to／past＋鐘點(diǎn)) 如：
4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five
練習(xí)題 :
1.At the beginning of the_____(twenty) century,the world's population was about 1700 million.
2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.
3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once.
4.Would you give me________,please?
A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers
5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.
A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps
6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.
A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen
7.June 1 is __. A.the Children's Day B.the Childrens' Day C.Children's Day D.Childrens' Day
8.__________people went out to see what had happened.
A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands
9.We
have been in the school for______.
A.three and a half month B.three
and a half months
C.three month and a half D.three months and half
10.__________English
is___________ useful language. A.A,
an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /
11.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost
just now.
A.an,a
B.a,the
C.the,a
D.an,the
12.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
13.There is ________ 800-metre-long road
behind _________ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
四.代詞
①人稱代詞: 主格:
單數(shù)I 、you 、he 、she 、it 復(fù)數(shù) we 、you 、they
賓格: 單數(shù)me 、you 、him 、her 、it 復(fù)數(shù)us 、you 、them
⑵物主代詞: 形容詞性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their
名詞性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs
③反身代詞: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。
2.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room)
3."of+名詞性物主代詞"表示所屬 如：a sister of his 他的一個(gè)妹妹
a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友
4.人稱代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋骸暗诙朔Q，第三人稱，第一人稱”。
如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.關(guān)于反身代詞，同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu)：
enjoy oneself=have a good time (過(guò)得很愉快) by oneself=alone (單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自)
help oneself to… (隨便吃/喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學(xué))
練習(xí)題
1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I
think.
A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them
2. Nobody taught___English. He
taught____. A.him, himself
B.his, himself
C.him, by himself
D.his, his
（二） 修飾可數(shù)名詞 many few 表否定意義 a few 表肯定意義
修飾不數(shù)名詞 much little 表否定意義 a little 表肯定意義 few 和 little 與 quite 或 only 連用時(shí)，常加不定冠詞 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=
用little, a little, few, a few填空:
1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.
2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.
3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.
4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.
（三）不定代詞: something, anything, nothing.
當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個(gè)不定代詞時(shí)，常后置。 如：something new
There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考題
A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important
(四)另外，還要注意代詞some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問(wèn)句中。
any（任何） 多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句
① Will you give me some water? ② Would you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?
2.every＋單數(shù)名詞 “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，作定語(yǔ),形式上為單數(shù)。
each “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性，作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，常與of連用。
如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing
games.
3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在連系、助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。
none “沒(méi)有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of
如： We are all from
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（單、復(fù)數(shù)均可）
4.both “（兩者）都” ,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)；作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
either “兩者中任何一個(gè)” ,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后跟名詞單數(shù)。
neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義，用法同either。
如：①They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.
②There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.
③Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.
④Neither answer is right.
5. another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個(gè)”
one … the other “一個(gè)……，另一個(gè)……”
the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = the others “其他的人或物” （指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部）
others “別人”
(五)疑問(wèn)代詞 5個(gè)“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which
這里，which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容，其實(shí)，同學(xué)們只須記住，對(duì)作定語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn)，常用which.
例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like
?
練習(xí):
一、根據(jù)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，使句意通順，語(yǔ)法完整
6．Can you come with us ?(we)?
7．These skirts are hers . Yours are over there.(she)?
8．Please take care of yourselves , boys and girls.(you)?
9．I don't think this is my frisby, though it looks like mine .(I) ?
10．Look at those books. Are they yours?(that)
二、根據(jù)首字母填空?
11．Is there anything interesting in the newspaper? ?
12．She asked us to help each other.
13．The old man can neither read nor write. ?
14．Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. ?
15．Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.?
三、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換?
16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.?
B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday. ?
17、A: He doesn't like mutton, and she doesn't, either.?
B: Neither he nor she likes mutton.
18、A: All the American people don't like sandwiches.?
B: Not all the American people like sandwiches. ?
19、A: They don't often hear the twins sing the song in the school.?
B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the song in the school.[ZK)]
四、單項(xiàng)選擇?
(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .?
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few ?
(A)21、-Do you like Jane's new skirt??
-Yes, very much. I'll ask mum to buy for me.?
A. one B. it C. the other D. a ?
(B)22、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.?
A. one B. that C. it D. this ?
(B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.?
A. the others B. others C. the other D. other ?
(A)24、-I'll give the boys to eat.?
-Oh, I know, fish and chips.?
A. something English B. English something?C. anything English D. English anything ?
(D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box??
-No, thanks, I can do it .?
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself ?
(D)26、-What time shall we meet this
afternoon,3:00 or
-I don't mind. time is OK.?
A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either ?
(C)27、-My bag is full, what about ??
- is full, too.?
A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She ?
(D)28、-I've had enough bread, Would you like ??
-No, thanks.?
A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more ?
(A)29、There are many trees on sides of the river.?
A. both B. either C. neither D. each
(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.
A. the other B. other C. the others D. others ?
(C)2、Without the sun, could grow in the world.?
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything ?
(B)3、 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.?
A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both ?
(B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?
-Look! This is a picture of .?
A. it B. one C. two D. some ?
(B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.?
A. few B. a few C. a little D. little
二、形容詞 副詞
大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個(gè)等級(jí)： 原級(jí)：比較級(jí)： 比較...，更...一些 最高級(jí)： 最...
（A）1.構(gòu)成：(規(guī)則情況)情況 變 化 方 法 例 詞
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞: 一般情況 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest
以字母e結(jié)尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest
重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí) 雙寫加er, est big-bigger-biggest
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾 變y為i加er, est early-earlier-earliest
部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞 在詞前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly
2.不規(guī)則變化，須熟記： good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest
bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least
(B)常見的使用情況
1.as … as … 和...一樣（中間用原級(jí)）
2.not as(so) … as 和...不一樣（中間用原級(jí)）
3… than …. ..比...（用比較級(jí)）
4.有范圍修飾的用最高級(jí) 如:in, of, among或用從句修飾的
eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year. ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .
5.比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí) 意為“越來(lái)越….eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful
6. The+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí) 越…...就越…... eg:The more, the better. 越多越好
(C)注意點(diǎn)：1.形容詞最高級(jí)前一定要用the,副詞最高級(jí)前可省略。
2.可用much, a little, even, still等修飾比較級(jí)。
3.在比較級(jí)中為了避免重復(fù)，在than后常用one,that,those等詞來(lái)替代前面提到過(guò)的名詞。
eg:The weather here is warmer than that of
(D)掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換：
1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.
2.This film is less interesting
than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.
=That film is more interesting than this one.
3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.
Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and
此外，關(guān)于形容詞、副詞的內(nèi)容同學(xué)們還須掌握：
1.形容詞修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)，跟在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)。
2.副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞 enough屬例外詞：形/副+enough to do enough+名詞
例如;She is old enough to go to
school. 她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。
3.區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞: 也 too用于肯定、疑問(wèn)句 also 較為正式書面語(yǔ) either 用于否定句 已經(jīng) already 常用于肯定句、疑問(wèn)句 yet 常用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句
不再 no (not any) longer 從時(shí)間上講 no (not any) more 從動(dòng)作上講
如此這樣 such 修飾名詞 eg: such a big box
so 修飾形容詞、副詞 eg: so big 單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自 alone 作表語(yǔ) =by oneself 孤獨(dú)的 lonely 可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ) eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)
練習(xí)題
1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are
climbing the hill.
A.Others B. Other C. Another D.The other
2.There isn't _____ in today's newspaper.
A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important
3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?
-No,Mum. It's not ______. It's ______. A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D.hers, mine
4..The Changjiang River is the third __ river in the world. A.long B.longer C.longest D.the longest
5. An elephant is _____ than a horse.
A.more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong
6. Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D. Best
一、介詞
1．與形容詞搭配的詞組有： be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的氣）
be away from （不在某地） be different from （與…不同）
be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (對(duì)…有益/有害) be interested in （對(duì)…感興趣） be late for （遲到） be/get ready for （為作好準(zhǔn)備） be sure of (對(duì)…有把握)
be worried about （為…感到擔(dān)憂）
2．介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格和動(dòng)詞-ing形式
1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well.
3．幾組易混淆的介詞
A． “在...之后” in + 一段時(shí)間（用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)）
after + 一段時(shí)間（用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)） after + 一點(diǎn)時(shí)間（常用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)）
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B． for +一段時(shí)間 since +過(guò)去的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間
這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，具體在時(shí)態(tài)部分，我會(huì)繼續(xù)向同學(xué)們講解。
C． be made of "用……制成" be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”
D． in, on, at表時(shí)間 in “在某月(季節(jié)、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer
固定詞組：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end
on "用于指具體的某一天或?qū)Ｖ改骋惶焐衔纭⑾挛缁蛲砩系?quot;
eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at “用于具體時(shí)刻前和某些固定詞組中”
固定詞組：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表時(shí)間里，下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介詞 。 如:不能說(shuō) in tomorrow ,只能說(shuō) tomorrow 在明天
E. except +賓格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身）
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.
F． “用” 通過(guò)交通工具 by plane
用語(yǔ)言 in English 通過(guò)媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands
G． between “在~和~（兩者）之間”
between...and..., between the two... among 在...之間(三者或三者以上)
eg.Sue spent over two hours ___ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over
二、連詞
1．并列連詞 both…and 既~又~謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞
neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意義，（就近原則）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由靠近它的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定單復(fù)數(shù)。 either…or… “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”
and“和” 連接兩個(gè)并列成分,連接謂語(yǔ)時(shí),兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。
but “但是” 表轉(zhuǎn)折，不能與 though 同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中。
or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列舉常用 or，而不用 and。 Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否) I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.
2．引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞
陳述句：that 可省略 一般疑問(wèn)句：if /whether “是否” 特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞
3．引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有：because (不能與so同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中)
4．引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞：
A. when（當(dāng)…時(shí)候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.
B. since（自從…以來(lái)）引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.
C. while（當(dāng)…時(shí)候，一邊…一邊…）它引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.
5．引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞： if “如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀從，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。請(qǐng)區(qū)別于if“是否”相當(dāng)于 whether，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境確定
eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿ (rain) tomorrow.
2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.
3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.
A.as B.before C.after D.since
構(gòu)詞有法記無(wú)定法
一、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶：
1．合成法：note＋book→notebook，school＋yard→schoolyard，book＋mark→bookmark
2．派生法（即在詞根上加前、后綴記憶）：
en－（使……有）＋courage→encourage；inter－（one with another；face to face）＋view→interview；foreign＋er（人）→foreigner，play＋er（執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的人）→player，sharpen＋er（執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的物）→sharpener；library＋（y→i）an（人）→li?brarian；miss（v．）＋ing→missing（adj．），probable（adj．）＋（l）y→probably（adv．），sad（adj．）＋ly→sadly（adv．）；compose（v．）＋（e→i）tion→composition（n．），inform（v．）＋（a）tion→information（n．）
3．轉(zhuǎn)化法： know（v．）→knowledge（n．）
dictionary―words，umbrella―rain，library―book―shelf，kitchen―cook
abroad―in or to another country，overseas；interview―meeting with sb．
說(shuō)說(shuō)記憶單詞的方法
詞是構(gòu)成句子的重要元素，詞匯量的多少在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中占有重要地位。今天我們講講怎樣記憶單詞。
五、初中階段還有一個(gè)很實(shí)用的記憶單詞的好方法就是根據(jù)音標(biāo)即單詞讀音來(lái)記單詞。只要你首先根據(jù)音標(biāo)把一個(gè)單詞讀準(zhǔn)、讀對(duì)，那么就可根據(jù)其讀音基本拼寫出該單詞。首先這要掌握一定的拼讀規(guī)則。比如“dirty”，根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們就能拼寫出d-ir－t－y（在非重讀音節(jié)中發(fā)［i］）。這種方法對(duì)于記憶字母較多的單詞尤其有效，如“contribution”，根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們可把它分成四部分來(lái)記憶：con－tri－bu－tion，這樣就能較快地記住單詞。
以系統(tǒng)的方式來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)記憶知識(shí)能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背單詞時(shí)我們一定要留心觀察，尋找詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，這樣將有助于我們記憶單詞�？傊�，只要我們掌握一些科學(xué)的方法，并用心去記憶，就一定能記住英語(yǔ)單詞。
合成形容詞
英語(yǔ)中有許多種形式的合成形容詞，僅在初中階段需要學(xué)習(xí)使用的就達(dá)九種。現(xiàn)分述如下：
四、根據(jù)記憶與遺忘的規(guī)律來(lái)記憶單詞，即應(yīng)及時(shí)在第二天、第三天甚至以后再讀第一天記憶的單詞，定期作階級(jí)性的復(fù)習(xí)，同遺忘作斗爭(zhēng)。要記憶單詞就不能怕重復(fù)，重復(fù)也是記憶的一種好方法。
1．?dāng)?shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞。
如：20－minute 20分鐘的 It＇s 20－minute walk．步行20分鐘的路程。 second－class 二等的 That＇s the second－class room． 那是個(gè)二等房間。 500－word 五百字的
This is a 500－word composition． 這是一篇五百字的文章。
2．?dāng)?shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋形容詞。
如：8－year－old 八歲的 Mr Green has an 8－year－old child． 格林先生有個(gè)八歲的孩子。
3．?dāng)?shù)詞＋名詞的ed形式。如：three－legged 三條腿的 Tom bought a three－legged table yesterday． 昨天湯姆買了一張三條腿的桌子。
4．形容詞＋名詞。如：
round－trip來(lái)回的；往返的 Do you need a round－trip ticket? 你想要一張往返的車票嗎？
part－time 非全部工作時(shí)間的；兼職的He found a part－time job． 他找到了一份額外的工作。
5．形容詞＋名詞的ed形式。
如：kind－h(huán)earted 好心的 Father Christmas is very kind－h(huán)earted． 圣誕老人的心腸非常好。
6．名詞＋過(guò)去分詞。如：man－made人造的
China has sent up many man－made satellites． 中國(guó)已發(fā)射了許多人造衛(wèi)星。
7．名詞＋名詞的ed形式。如：glass－topped帶有玻璃罩的
I want to own a glass－topped table． 我想要一張帶有玻璃罩的桌子。
8．副詞＋過(guò)去分詞。如：so－called所謂的
I don＇t like those so－called singers． 我不喜歡那些所謂的歌星。
9．副詞＋副詞。
如：so－so馬馬虎虎；不好不壞的 My English is just so－so． 我的英語(yǔ)很一般。．
Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a ______. (foreign) 前綴 例詞 派生詞
un-“不” happy unhappy like unlike usual unusual friendly unfriendly
im-“不” possible impossible 后綴 例詞 派生詞 -er“人” teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner drive driver（以e結(jié)尾，-r） run runner（重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫-er)
win winner travel traveller -or“人” invent inventor visit visitor
-ly（副詞后綴）
bad badly quick quickly careful carefully happy happily
deep deeply lucky luckily usual usually noisy noisily
slow slowly angry angrily strong strongly quiet quietly
特例： true - truly terrible - terribly possible - possibly
-ful（形容詞后綴） care careful help helpful use useful forget forgetful
-y （形容詞后綴）
rain rainy luck lucky cloud cloudy noise noisy（以e結(jié)尾，去e，加-y）
snow snowy sun sunny （雙寫，加-y） wind windy
-ion（名詞后綴） invent invention operate operation
-ness（名詞后綴） busy business good goodness
一些特例：
動(dòng)詞 形容詞 動(dòng)詞 現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
sleep asleep boat boating die dead build building
enjoy enjoyable begin beginning cross crossing
名詞 形容詞 meet meeting friend friendly turn turning
south southern shop shopping wool woolen
danger dangerous 動(dòng)詞 過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞 difference different fry
fried worry worried
動(dòng)詞 名詞 break broken know knowledge lose lost
fly flight please pleased please pleasure colour coloured
名詞 名詞 動(dòng)詞 現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞
farm farmer 農(nóng)夫 follow following interest interested“感興趣的” 只作表語(yǔ)，僅用于be interested in develop interesting “有趣的” 可作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ) developed “發(fā)達(dá)的” developing “發(fā)展中的”
練習(xí)題 1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.
A. from B. to C. in D. with
2、They will have an English test___two days. A. for B. at C. in D. after
3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975. A. at B. in C. on D. to
4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.
A. from, since B. from, after C. of, when D. of , as
5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.
A. how B. weather C. whether D. what
6、His parents were _________ (happy) because he had failed the exam again.
7、Mrs. Green liked to stay _____ (safe) at the same place.
8、The_______ (visit) from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.
思考題 1、The farmer was___tired___he couldn't fall asleep.
A. very…to B. too…to C. so…that D.neither…nor
2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others. A. but B. and C. if D. or
3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it. A. interesting, interesting B. interested, interested
C. interested, interesting D. interesting, interested
重要的短語(yǔ)、句型和慣用法（一）
1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下車 get up 起床 get ready for 為...作準(zhǔn)備
get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服 get well (better) 身體好 get in 進(jìn)入，收集
get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 為某人買某物
get on well with sb/sth. 與某人相處很好，...進(jìn)展順利
2. have an accident 出事故 have a good time =enjoy oneself 玩得很高興
have a cold wet day 天氣又冷又濕 have a cough 咳嗽 have a drink(of)... 喝一杯...
have a talk 聽報(bào)告 have lunch 吃午飯 have...for lunch 午飯吃...
have a meeting 開會(huì)have no idea 不知道 have a rest 休息一下
3. make a mistake 犯錯(cuò)誤 mistake A for B 把A錯(cuò)認(rèn)為B
take sth. by mistake 錯(cuò)拿某物
4. make friends with 與...交朋友
make faces 做鬼臉make a fire 生火 make an excuse 找籍口
make a...sound 發(fā)...音 make tea 沏茶 make room for... 為...找出空間
make it 如期赴約 make a team 組成一個(gè)隊(duì)
eg.Let's make it half past one. 注意：時(shí)間前不用介詞at
5. turn sth. on/off 打開/關(guān)掉... turn sth. up/down 把...音量開大/小
注意：當(dāng)sth 是代詞時(shí)，常放中間
6. try sth. on 試穿（衣、鞋、帽） 注意：當(dāng) sth 為it或them, 常放中間try out 試驗(yàn)、嘗試
try one's best to do sth. 盡力干某事=do one's best to do sth.
7. send sb. away 開除、解雇某人 send for sb. 派人去請(qǐng)某人 send up 發(fā)射
8. hear from sb 收到...的來(lái)信 hear of 聽說(shuō)
9. hurry off 匆匆離去，趕快去
hurry up 趕快
10. get to +名詞 get +副詞(不用to) reach+名詞/副詞 arrive in/at +大/小地點(diǎn) （后接副詞，不用at/in）
eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到達(dá)上海
eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家
11. teach sb. English 教某人英語(yǔ) teach oneself=learn sth.by oneself 自學(xué)
12.到...末為止 by the end of +過(guò)去時(shí)間 （用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)）
by the end of +將來(lái)時(shí)間 （用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)）
at the end of+地點(diǎn) 在...盡頭 in the end= at last 最后，終于
13. hundreds of 成百上千 thousands of 成千上萬(wàn)的 millions of 成百萬(wàn)的
14. be pleased to do sth 很高興地干某事 be pleased with sth. 為某事而高興
15. be used for 被用來(lái) be used as 被當(dāng)作 be used by 被...所使用
16. so far 到目前為止， 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
17. on a Tuesday morning 一個(gè)星期二的早上
on the morning of June 15th.1998 在1998年6月15日早上
18. keep sb.doing sth. 讓某人一直干某事 keep doing sth. 繼續(xù)做某事
keep on doing sth. 持續(xù)不斷地做某事
19. much too+形容詞／副詞原級(jí) 實(shí)在太...
too much+不可數(shù)名詞 相當(dāng)多的... eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy it.
There's ___________ rain this
year.
20. thanks to...由于，多虧
thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的幫忙 thanks for one's help 謝謝某人的幫助
21. be far away from＋a place/sb 遠(yuǎn)離某地
22. wear out 穿壞、穿舊、用盡 常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其P.P為worn
sell out 售完 賣完
23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二個(gè)月的假期
24. fall asleep 入睡（進(jìn)入狀態(tài)） get to sleep 入睡（還沒(méi)睡著）
25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事 eg. She stopped the child from listening. stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事 stop to do sth. 停止下來(lái)干另一件事。
26. hardly any +n. 幾乎沒(méi)有...
27. quite a/an+形容詞＋名詞 一個(gè)相當(dāng)...eg. Two months is quite a long time.
a very ＋形容詞+名詞eg. English is a very useful language.
28. be afraid of+名詞 害怕... be afraid to+動(dòng)詞 擔(dān)心、害怕... be afraid that+從句 恐怕...
29. so+形容詞 so strong so beautiful such+形容詞+名詞(復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù))
such beautiful pictures such nice smell such + a/an+形容詞+名詞（單數(shù)）
such an interesting story
30. feel like doing 想干某事
31. be made/grown/produced
三個(gè)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)都可解釋為“生產(chǎn)”
歸類: 機(jī)器一類→make(制造)
鹽.糖.絲綢→produce (經(jīng)機(jī)器加工生產(chǎn)) 農(nóng)作物、水果→grow (人工種出來(lái)的)
32. finish doing sth. 做完某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事
go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)干某事 be always doing 老是干某事
33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事 ...hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用hope sb.to do sth.
34. in surprise 驚奇地（作狀語(yǔ)） be surprised at sb. 對(duì)某人的舉動(dòng)感到詫異
be surprised to do sth. 對(duì)做某事感到驚訝
35. no space(room) to stand in 沒(méi)有站的地方、空間
36. be angry with sb. 生某人的氣 agree
with sb. 同意某人的觀點(diǎn) with one's help 在某人的幫助下
選擇題：
1.They arrived ___ London___ a cold winter night.
A.at, in B.in, on C.at, on D.in, at
2.It's rather cold today.You'd better ___ more clothes before you go out.
A.put on B.wear C.to put on D.to wear
3.You must be very tired. Why not ___ a rest?
A.stop taking B.stop to take C.to stop taking D.to stop to take
4.___, I've caught up with my classmates in my English studies.
A.Under his help B.With his help C.Under the help of him D.With the help of him
5.Mother told me ____ in the sun. A.not read B.don't read C.read not D.not to read
6.Watching TV ___ is bad for your eyes. A.much too B.many too C.too much D.too many
7.Those foreign visitors ___ our city the day before yesterday.
A.arrived B.reached C.reached to D.got in
8.She asked me to help her ___ her Chinese. A.at B.with C.for D.on
9.Look ___ the words in the dictionary when you don't know ___ they mean.
A.up, what B.up, that C.for, that D.for, what
10.One after another, three of them ___.
A.fell asleep B.got to asleep C.went to asleep D.were sleeping
完成句子：
1.你想不想喝杯桔子汁？ Do you ______ ______drinking a glass of
orange?
2.小楊畢業(yè)離校以來(lái)，我們從未收到他的來(lái)信。
We have never ______ ______ Xiao Yang since he _______ school for the last time.
3.人們興建綠色長(zhǎng)城是為了阻止風(fēng)將土刮走。
People started to build the Great Green Wall ___ ___ it could stop the wind from ___ the earth away.
4.魏華把你錯(cuò)當(dāng)成他的兄弟，是嗎？
Wei Hua ________ you ______ his brother,didn't she?
思考題：
1.人造衛(wèi)星能用來(lái)向國(guó)外發(fā)送電視和廣播節(jié)目
Man-made satellites can be ___ for ___ TV and radio programmes to foreign countries.
2.多虧有了綠色長(zhǎng)城，現(xiàn)在他們種的棉花比以前多得多了。
____ to the Great Green Wall, they can grow a lot ___ cotton than before.
3.學(xué)生們相互交朋友，通常相處得很好。
The students make friends ___ one another and usually ___ ___ well.
4.店主說(shuō)你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。
The shopkeeper said the woolen sweaters ___ your size were ____.
重要的短語(yǔ)、句型和慣用法（二）
1.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)
a.這是英語(yǔ)中常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某地有某物”其含義為“存在有”。
eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解釋為“有”但是與there be有區(qū)別，它的含義是“所有，屬有”，其主語(yǔ)為某人。eg.I have a nice watch.
b.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的be動(dòng)詞要和后面所跟名詞保持一致。
c.There is a river near our school.否：There is not a river near our school.
問(wèn)：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn't.
劃⑴How many rivers are there near our school? ⑵What's near our school?
d.there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般將來(lái)時(shí)，同學(xué)們較難掌握，其正確形式為：there is going to be
e.反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成：There is no water in the glass, is there?
①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon. A.have B.watch C.be D.play
②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest. A.be B.have C.be on D.on
2.so,neither引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,為了避免和前一句話的內(nèi)容重復(fù)，英語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣用so,neither引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。
a.So+be(助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)。表示某人也是如此。
eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.
b.Neither+be(助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)＋主語(yǔ)，表示某人也不。
eg.Mother has never been to
c.So＋主語(yǔ)＋be(助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)。表示果真如此(贊同), 請(qǐng)同學(xué)們與a.區(qū)別。
eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room.
3.It's+時(shí)間+since動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式。自從...起已有...時(shí)間了。
⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自從我們上次見面已有兩個(gè)星期了)
⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自從我們離開北京已有多久了
4.祈使句+and (那么)...eg.Go straight on and you'll see a school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a school. 5.祈使句+or...否則...eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you don't work hard, you'll fall behind the other
6. The+比較級(jí)...，the+比較級(jí)... 越...越...
eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。
⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)
7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你認(rèn)為這部電影怎樣？)
8.What...do with...?怎樣對(duì)付...?怎樣處理...?
雖然中文為怎樣，我們絕不可照字面翻譯為how.
eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:I've just returned it to
the library.
9.I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦？ I don't know how to do. ×
10.What...be like?...是什么樣的？
eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天氣如何？⑵What's your school like? 你們學(xué)校是什么樣的？
11.What...for?為何目的？為什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab?
12.one of +最高級(jí)＋復(fù)數(shù) 最...之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers.
13.find it +形容詞+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我發(fā)覺學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很有用的)
find +賓語(yǔ) +名詞eg.I find him a good boy. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個(gè)好男孩.)
find +賓語(yǔ) +形容詞
eg.I find the door open/closed. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)門開/關(guān)著) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的包裝滿了禮物)
14.I don't think+肯定句 我想...不 eg.I don't think I'll take it. (我想我不買它了)
請(qǐng)注意:中文意思否定在從句中,但是英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)否定在主句中。
15.prefer A to B=like A better than B 更喜歡A不怎么喜歡B.
eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken
16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.
特別注意:had better后面跟be動(dòng)詞詞組,不可漏掉be.eg.You'd better catch a train.
You'd better not talk in class.You'd better not be late for the class.
17.It is good (nice)of+賓格+to do sth.
eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英語(yǔ)真是太好了)
18.It takes sb. some time to do
sth.(干某事化費(fèi)某人多少時(shí)間)
=sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the
work.
=I spent half anhourin doing the work.
19.sb.pay 錢 for 物 某物化費(fèi)了某人多少錢=sb.spend 錢 on 物 =物 cost sb.錢 , pay的過(guò)去式為paid 而不是payed. eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat. =I spent thirty yuan on the coat.
=The coat cost me thirty yuan. 20.have been to 某人曾去過(guò)某地,現(xiàn)在人不在那兒
sb.have been in +地點(diǎn) 某人呆在某地(一段時(shí)間) have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在這兒
21.⑴ too…形容詞(副詞)+to…"太…而不能" "太…以致于不"
eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 這籃子太重我拿不動(dòng)。 ②This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy. 這臺(tái)彩電對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)太貴了，買不起。
⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，可以換成so...that 引導(dǎo)的句子轉(zhuǎn)換。①The basket is so heavy that I can't carry it. ②This colour TV is so expensive that we can't afford it.
22.What's the population of ...?
...人口有多少？ 不說(shuō)How much population in...?形容人口數(shù)量的大用large eg.The population of
23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑來(lái)是還你鍋的) →Why have you come? 而不用What
24.not...until (連詞)方才，才
eg.He says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他說(shuō)他需到明天方才有空。 肯定句＋until 到
eg.You'd better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)
25.neither...nor... 既不...也不... either...or... 或者...或者...
eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word "hundred".
Either you or she is right. (謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就近原則)
both...and... 兩者都... eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主語(yǔ)看作復(fù)數(shù))
練習(xí)題：
1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory.
A.has gone to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone to
2.He knew little about the film ____ he saw it yesterday evening.
A.if B.since C.until D.because
3.I____ change his mind. Don't worry, He'll surely come to get it.
A.think he won't B.think he will C.don't think he won't D.don't think he will
4.- _____do you_____ the TV play? - Not bad, I think.
A.How;think of B.What;like C.How;like D.What;think
5. I _____ have a good time _____ the party.
A.hope you will;at B.like you; on C.hope you to ;in D.want you that; from
完成句子：
1.中國(guó)有多少人口，中國(guó)的人口大約是世界人口的四分之一。 _____ the population of
It's about _____ ______ of the world's population.
2.門鈴一直響著，直到門被林濤打開才停。
The doorbell ______ _____until the door was opened by Lin Tao.
3.午飯后他休息了一會(huì)兒，我也休息了一會(huì)兒。
He had a short rest after lunch, and ______ ______ I.
4.史密斯夫婦離開他們的家鄉(xiāng)已有十多年時(shí)間了。
______ more than ten years ____ Mr and Mrs Smith left their home town.
5.公共汽車?yán)飻D得幾乎連站的地方都沒(méi)有.
The bus was_____ crowded that there was hardly ______ standing room in it.
思考題：
1、做飯花了她半個(gè)小時(shí)。 It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking.
=I ______ half an hour _______ some cooking.
2、你真好，經(jīng)常在數(shù)學(xué)上幫助我。 It’s really nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______.
3、Lily跑得不快，贏不了比賽。
Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______ _____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____the race.
4、在美術(shù)課上做一張教師節(jié)卡片怎樣？
_____ ____ _____ a Teachers’ Day card ____ the art lesson?
5、足球是我校最受歡迎的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目之一。
Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ games in our school.
Have 的兩種特殊句型
have是英語(yǔ)中最活躍的動(dòng)詞之一，它與不同的詞搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（開會(huì)），have a rest（休息），have a class（上課）等。你可知道have構(gòu)成的兩種特殊句型嗎？不看不知道，一看就明了。
1．have＋賓語(yǔ)＋省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式
該句型中作主語(yǔ)的“人或物”讓作賓語(yǔ)的“人或物”去做某事。此時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)與省略to的不定式（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：I would have you buy a new bike． 我想讓你買輛新自行車。We can＇t have the car stop． 我們無(wú)法讓汽車停下來(lái)。
2．have＋賓語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞
該句型中作主語(yǔ)的“人或物”讓作賓語(yǔ)的“人或物”被……。此時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）之間有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如： I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．
我明天要理發(fā)。They have just had their car repaired．他們剛找人把車修理了一下。
注意：大多數(shù)情況下，這兩種句型之間可以互換。如：
1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．
2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．
練習(xí)：根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思，完成英語(yǔ)句子，每空一詞。
1．你應(yīng)該找人建一座房子。
You should have someone＿＿＿＿＿a house． You should have a house＿＿＿＿＿．
2．現(xiàn)在我們請(qǐng)下一位演講者到前面來(lái)。 Now we＇ll have the next speaker＿＿＿＿＿to the front．
3．你必須讓人把這些書送到教室去。
You must have these books＿＿＿＿＿ to the classroom
情景交際英語(yǔ)（一）
1.問(wèn)候： ⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ?
Nice to meet you. B:回答相同 ⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you.
2.介紹： ⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.
3.告別 A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
B:回答相同4.感謝和應(yīng)答 表示感謝 通�；卮�
Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.
Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.
5.祝愿、祝賀和應(yīng)答
⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good
time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas!
B:The same to you.
⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.
6.道歉和應(yīng)答
A:I'm sorry.I'm
sorry to trouble you. B:It
doesn't matter.
It's not important. That's
nothing.
7.遺憾和同情
What a pity!I'm
sorry to hear that.
8.邀請(qǐng)和應(yīng)答 A:Would you like to … ? B:Yes, I'd love to.
9.提供幫助和應(yīng)答
A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike.
Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks.
That's very kind of you.
10.請(qǐng)求允許 ⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right. ⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.
11.表示同意和不同意
(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK.
That's a good idea. I agree with you.
(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.
12.表示肯定和不肯定 1:
I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2: I'm not
sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.
13.喜歡和厭惡 1: I like /love...(very much) I like
/love to... 2: I don't
like to... I hate to ...
14. 問(wèn)時(shí)間、日期的應(yīng)答 A:What day is it?
B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's
15.請(qǐng)求 (1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have...?
(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your
turn. Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.勸告和建議 1:You'd better... You should... You need to...
2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ? 回答: OK. Good idea.
17.禁止和警告 1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...
2:Take care.=Be careful.
18.表示感情 A:喜悅 Great!That's nice.
I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦慮 What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:驚奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?
19.約會(huì) A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?
Shall we meet at
B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you then.
20.語(yǔ)言困難 Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.
What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.
21.表示稱贊： A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.
22.常見的標(biāo)志和說(shuō)明
BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP OPEN CLOSED PULL PUSH EXIT ENTRANCE 營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間 禁止拍照 辦公時(shí)間 這邊向上 開 關(guān)
1.-Would you like to go to the zoo with us? ____.
A.Yes, please. B.That's true. C.Yes, I'd love to. D.Quite well.
2.-I've done quite well in the exam this term. -___ __.
A.I don't know. B.Congratulations. C.So do I. D.Go on, please.
3.If your friend tells you that he is ill, you may say"_ __"
A.Excuse me. B.I'm sorry to hear that. C.It doesn't matter. D.I don't think so.
4.-Have a good journey,
5.The sign"THIS SIDE UP" is often seen ____.
A.on a box B.in the street C.in a cinema D.in a park
思考題：
1.-Thank you for your help. -__
___
A.All right. B.That's all right. C.That's right. D.It's very kind of you.
2.-Do you mind if I close the window? -____ __
A.No, I mind. B.Yes, I don't mind. C. No, not at all. D.Yes, I'm afraid not.
3.-Help yourself to some apples.-__ A.I don't like it. B.Sorry, I can't help it.
C.Never mind. D.Thank you very much.
4.-Tom will take care of our cat while we're away. -____
A．Fine, thank you. B.I'll do it myself. C.That's very kind of him. D.It doesn't matter.
5.-You speak English quite well. -__ __
A.I don't think so. B.You don't say so. C.No, I don't speak well. D.Thank you.
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