08理綜化學(xué)高考的啟示與09復(fù)習(xí)策略
???陜西省寶雞市石油中學(xué) 馮秋紅 （721002）
摘要：從近年來(lái)的理綜化學(xué)高考命題“實(shí)施知識(shí)立意向能力立意轉(zhuǎn)化”的趨勢(shì)，結(jié)合現(xiàn)狀分析探討化學(xué)教學(xué)中存在的不足，論述教學(xué)重心由注重知識(shí)傳輸轉(zhuǎn)向注重能力培養(yǎng)的迫切性和可行性。指導(dǎo)處理好知識(shí)與能力的辨正關(guān)系，提高化學(xué)教學(xué)效率,促進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育的全面實(shí)施。
關(guān)鍵詞：化學(xué) 高考 啟示 對(duì)策
每年有一次“地震”,高考就是震源。對(duì)教學(xué)，對(duì)管理，對(duì)學(xué)生，對(duì)老師都會(huì)有震感，使中國(guó)教育在反思，在探索……而今年是有強(qiáng)烈震感的，2008年理綜（陜西卷）著實(shí)讓陜西考生郁悶了一把，尤其是一直以“容易”面孔出現(xiàn)的化學(xué)試題難度陡然增加，絆倒了不少考生。結(jié)合試題盤點(diǎn)，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)以下顯著的特點(diǎn)。
1、高考化學(xué)試題打破了知識(shí)板塊壁壘，加大了學(xué)科內(nèi)知識(shí)整合力度，涌現(xiàn)出大量將實(shí)驗(yàn)與元素化合物知識(shí)、計(jì)算知識(shí)相結(jié)合，有機(jī)化合物知識(shí)和有關(guān)計(jì)算相結(jié)合，定性分析和定量計(jì)算相結(jié)合的試題，昭示出清晰的命題指向；如26題將化學(xué)的基本理論、元素化合物知識(shí)、化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)以及化學(xué)計(jì)算綜合在一起考查，就表現(xiàn)出此類特點(diǎn)。
2、出題的意圖，實(shí)施知識(shí)立意向能力立意轉(zhuǎn)化，這是高考主攻方向。試卷中越來(lái)越多的試題由知識(shí)型考查轉(zhuǎn)向能力型考查，對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的要求難度降低，但能力要求更高。如現(xiàn)在高考題中很少在知識(shí)深度上做文章，往往是把書本上的知識(shí)點(diǎn)與生產(chǎn)實(shí)際、日常生活、工業(yè)流程聯(lián)系起來(lái)，所以，雖說(shuō)有關(guān)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)并不難，但它要求學(xué)生的閱讀能力、聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力要進(jìn)一步提高。如26題注重考核學(xué)生的能力，學(xué)生只有具備較好的閱讀能力，才能理解、分析所給信息，并利用所獲得的信息去解決問(wèn)題�？忌绻喿x能力較差，往往會(huì)看不懂題目，一旦讀懂題意后，化學(xué)方面的知識(shí)點(diǎn)并不難，將游刃有余。
3、出題角度改變，帶來(lái)試題亮點(diǎn)，信息能力、圖表信息分析題、開(kāi)放題有所增加，通過(guò)改造、擴(kuò)充、延伸傳統(tǒng)試題，穩(wěn)定試卷難度，同時(shí)向“題�！睉�(zhàn)術(shù)提出挑戰(zhàn)；在看似簡(jiǎn)單的背景知識(shí)下，創(chuàng)新設(shè)問(wèn)方式和答題指向，考查出考生思維的靈活性、廣闊性和全面性。對(duì)學(xué)生運(yùn)用知識(shí)解決問(wèn)題的能力進(jìn)行考查。高考中的有些信息可能是考生沒(méi)有學(xué)過(guò)，它可能涉及到化學(xué)基本理論、元素及其化合物以及某些具體反應(yīng)等等。28題的化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)本身并不難，難在物質(zhì)的推斷上，它保持了近幾年來(lái)源于教材實(shí)驗(yàn)的風(fēng)格點(diǎn)。它要求考生首先要接受試題所給出的信息，其次將試題所給出的信息與課內(nèi)所學(xué)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)相結(jié)合起來(lái)，最后在仔細(xì)了解本題的要求后迅速、全面、正確地給與回答。實(shí)驗(yàn)原理來(lái)自教材內(nèi)容，實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置高于教材，但卻基礎(chǔ)、新穎，雖然物質(zhì)PbO未學(xué)過(guò)，不過(guò)與該物質(zhì)PbO的相應(yīng)分?jǐn)?shù)并不多，只是方程式的書寫，許多考生受思維定勢(shì)影響，非要將Mz中的M推倒出來(lái)，以至于一條道走到黑，學(xué)的太死，無(wú)法得出正確結(jié)論；對(duì)于只會(huì)機(jī)械讀書、機(jī)械應(yīng)用書本知識(shí)的考生來(lái)說(shuō)，就不是那么容易得分了。
根據(jù)以上特點(diǎn)，給了我們教學(xué)以下啟示：素質(zhì)教育已經(jīng)不再只是單純的提倡口號(hào)，而是當(dāng)今教育的實(shí)實(shí)在在的必須，高考既是對(duì)人才的選拔，也是對(duì)我們平日教學(xué)成果的考查。通過(guò)理論與實(shí)際的聯(lián)系，在分析和解決具體問(wèn)題的情境中，考查學(xué)生的“雙基”掌握程度和知識(shí)綜合運(yùn)用能力，仍是高考化學(xué)命題的主要指向。這就要求我們教學(xué)中必須立足雙基，重視能力培養(yǎng)，在提高學(xué)生素質(zhì)上下功夫。那么如何才能實(shí)現(xiàn)這一愿望呢？
1、扎扎實(shí)實(shí)抓“雙基”教學(xué)
立足雙基，網(wǎng)絡(luò)化知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，打破條塊分割，系統(tǒng)化的學(xué)習(xí)練習(xí)。把（Ⅰ）卷（Ⅱ）卷中“送分送到手”的題先牢固抓住在基礎(chǔ)上求變、求新、求靈活。在平時(shí)教學(xué)中，應(yīng)在打好基礎(chǔ)、培養(yǎng)能力上做文章，幫助學(xué)生形成條理化、有序化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，改變“題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)”的訓(xùn)練模式，有意識(shí)地把教學(xué)過(guò)程變?yōu)榛瘜W(xué)思維活動(dòng)的過(guò)程，充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生思維活動(dòng)的積極性，在習(xí)題教學(xué)中增強(qiáng)交互性，解題后注意反思。不斷完善提高發(fā)展能力。
2、理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，活學(xué)活用在能力培養(yǎng)上下功夫。
化學(xué)基本知識(shí)、基本技能是每年化學(xué)高考試題的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)，但試題的呈現(xiàn)往往靈活多變，這就要求我們對(duì)每個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)應(yīng)有所突破，不應(yīng)停留在聽(tīng)起來(lái)都懂，做起來(lái)都不會(huì)，那樣是浮于表面的“死”知識(shí)，是經(jīng)不起考驗(yàn)的。在高考復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中應(yīng)通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)幕瘜W(xué)問(wèn)題與練習(xí)，不斷的自我反思，體會(huì)以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變的感覺(jué)，并在變中的思考時(shí)有依據(jù)可循，若沒(méi)有固著點(diǎn)，則會(huì)因出題情形的改變而使考生做題時(shí)沒(méi)有頭緒、思路。因此雖說(shuō)近幾年高考各方面能力要求在提高，但能力的提高不是一句空話，而應(yīng)該是在狠抓基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)能有所突破，有所參悟，從而達(dá)到提高思維能力的結(jié)果。
中學(xué)化學(xué)中的創(chuàng)新教育不是去開(kāi)拓和創(chuàng)新未知的知識(shí)和知識(shí)體系，而是創(chuàng)設(shè)一定條件和氛圍，引導(dǎo)、啟發(fā)學(xué)生去模擬、探究原科學(xué)家的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)過(guò)程，發(fā)現(xiàn)“新”現(xiàn)象，通過(guò)聯(lián)想、判斷、推理和綜合分析，歸納出物質(zhì)呈現(xiàn)如此現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)和規(guī)律，化學(xué)是一門以實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)科，在平時(shí)教學(xué)過(guò)程中，要充分利用化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)或其它直觀條件激發(fā)學(xué)生的觀察興趣，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握基本的觀察方法，把觀察和思維緊密地結(jié)合起來(lái)，使學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的觀察習(xí)慣。如在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器時(shí)，要求學(xué)生弄清實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器的各結(jié)構(gòu)名稱、使用方法與使用條件；觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象時(shí)，要求學(xué)生從整體到局部，從靜到動(dòng)，從反應(yīng)物到生成物的狀態(tài)，要弄清觀察對(duì)象的主要特征及變化情況，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從化學(xué)現(xiàn)象中發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題。同時(shí)，教師要在實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)留有“空白”和“開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)”，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生去發(fā)現(xiàn)，去創(chuàng)新，鍛煉自己的創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐能力。把所學(xué)的知識(shí)和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活聯(lián)系起來(lái)，學(xué)以致用，以用促學(xué)，在不斷的探索中發(fā)展能力，提高素質(zhì)。
一年一度的高考備受世人關(guān)注, 無(wú)論從整體看,從個(gè)體看還是從命題看,升學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)實(shí)際上已是全面素質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。化學(xué)科高考命題其主要功能在于選拔優(yōu)秀學(xué)生，并指導(dǎo)中學(xué)化學(xué)教學(xué)。因而在命題原則上體現(xiàn)出既有利于為高校選拔優(yōu)秀學(xué)生，又有利于對(duì)中學(xué)教學(xué)起到良好的導(dǎo)向作用。因此，研究和分析近年來(lái)的高考試卷，對(duì)于今年乃至今后的教學(xué)走向和高考復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)具有十分重要的作用。對(duì)改變“應(yīng)試教育”，實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育,提高化學(xué)教學(xué)效率是一個(gè)很好的促進(jìn)。
江西省白鷺洲中學(xué)08―09年度高二英語(yǔ)下學(xué)期第一次月考試卷
命題人： 劉麗蘭 審題人： 胡苗琴
第Ⅰ卷（三部分，共115分）
第一部分：聽(tīng)力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）
第一節(jié) （共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）
聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題目所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽(tīng)完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。
1．Why does the woman go to the city?
A、To meet her father.
B、To stay here. C、To find a job.
2．What is Frank planning to do?
A、Move to a big city.
B、Become a teacher. C、Go back to school.
3．What does the woman mean?
A、The plan will be put off if it is raining.
B、The plan will be cancelled if it is raining.
C、The plan will be carried out whether it is raining or not.
4．How many languages does BBC World Service use?
A、34. B、35. C、36.
5．Where is the woman’s mother now?
A、At home. B、In hospital. C、At work.
第二節(jié) （共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）
聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C、三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的聽(tīng)第6段材料，回答6至8題。
6．What are the two speakers going to do now?
A、To eat something.
B、To call their friend. C、To walk around town.
7．Why does the man want the woman to meet Howard?
A、He is a funny man.
B、He is the hotel manager. C、He is leaving the town soon.
8．When will the two spekers meet Howard?
A、Before 1:00 B、At 12:
聽(tīng)第7段材料，回答9至11題。
9．Why does Alice call Don?
A、Don’s dog barks a lot.
B、Don is quarrelling with his wife.
C、Don’s dog gives off a strange smell.
10．How does Don feel at first when he gets the phone?
A、Regretful. B、Surprised. C、Annoyed.
11．What will Don probably do after the conversation?
A、To go on sleeping. B、To go out a moment.
C、To feed his dog.
聽(tīng)第8段材料，回答12至14題。
12．What did the man blame air pollution at first?
A、Cars. B、People. C、Factories.
13．Why did the woman dislike the man driving to school?
A、He made travelling inconvenient.
B、He missed a lot of exercise.
C、He spent too much money on his car.
14．What is the relationship between the speakers?
A、Husband and wife. B、Student and techer.
C、Boss and employee.
聽(tīng)第9段材料，回答15至17題。
15．What do you think Robert Redford is?
A、An actor. B、The man’s boss.
C、The manager of the cinema.
16．What can we learn about Saturday?
A、It will be sunny. B、They will stay home that day.
C、A good film will be on that day.
17．What will they do before they go out to the movies on Saturday?
A、Meet Ed and Jean. B、Play tennis.
C、Have a big dinner outside.
聽(tīng)第10段材料，回答18至20題。
18．Who is the speaker most probably talking to?
A、Some tourists. B、Some students. C、Some researchers.
19．When will the group of people probably get up tomorrow?
A、At 5:00 am. B、At 5:30 am. C、At 6:00 am.
20．What shouldn’t they take tomorrow?
A、The map. B、Warm clothes. C、Video cameras.
第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）
第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
21．---- I didn’t pass the English exam.
---- next time, and you’ll succeed.
A、Working hard B、Work hard
C、To work hard D、With hard work
22．We were all shocked at the news that he was in prison.
A、the; the B、the; a C、/; / D、the; /
23．Excuse me, six, Mr white has arrived, he wait outside or just come in ?
A、Shall B、May C、Could D、Must
24．I really don’t know I had my money stolen.
A、it was where that B、when was it that
C、where it was that D、that it was when
25．When running around the corner, Mike was in with another boy.
A、contact B、connection C、collision D、conflict
26． by the rising price of gas, many car owners use their cars less frequently.
A、Driven B、Being driven
C、To drive D、Having driven
27．Everyone arrived Late at the party, for reasons.
A、a number of B、a great deal of
C、a variety of D、Large guantities of
28．----Why didn’t you go fishing with your friends yesterday ?
----Well, fishing is a hobby which a great deal of patience, which I don’t have .
A、calls in B、calls for
C、calls up D、calls on
29．He has put up a private company, but he in the college for about 15years.
A、works B、has been working
C、worked D、had worked
30．We agreed to accept they thought was the best tourist guide.
A、whoever B、whomever
C、whatever D、whichever
31．I tried to call on you last week but your dog simply not let me come throgh the gate.
A、could B、would C、might D、should
32．The marine organisms take the density of water is great.
A、use of B、advantage,with
C、disadvantage of D、advantage, of
33．The book was boring, it wasn’t to me.
A、benefit B、benefited
C、benefiting D、of benefit
34． , his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.
A、As is believed B、It is believed
C、He is believed that D、Who believed that
35．Mum had to cook different courses for Mike , for his tastes are .
A、various B、variety C、vary D、varied
第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）
Nowadays lots of students ask their parents for money to buy things they like. For me, to ask for money is like entering a(n) 36 . I learned this from 37 .
Last year my mother told me that the 38 way I would get my driver’s license before I turned eighteen depended on 39 I paid for the classes myself. “What ?”I asked in 40 .Judging by the look on my mother’s face, I knew 41 that my reasoning would have no 42 on the situation.
Three weeks later, I started working 43 a hostess at a factory, twice a week. A month later I paid $270 for driving lessons, and then over $20 to 44 my permit test ?all paid for by 45 other than yours truly. My pockets were empty 46 as soon as they were filled.
My mother thought that I’d be 47 to do things without her help. The funny thing was that even though I was totally 48 in the beginning. I truly appreciated it, 49 if I had just been handed bills from her.
When I realized that my mother wasn’t going to 50 something like a driver’s license, at first, it seemed as if she had put an immovable 51 before me and I would never 52 it. But my mother was 53 . She knew that I wanted a luxury(奢侈品) but 54 me to get it. That is as 55 as this―if I really want it, I’ll find a way to get it myself.
36．A、office B、prison C、battlefield D、bank
37．A、facts B、experience C、lessons D、quarrels
38．A、best B、proper C、same D、only
39．A、whether B、that C、how D、when
40．A、trouble B、disbelief C、comfort D、horror
41．A、hurriedly B、jokingly C、instantly D、unexpectedly
42．A、effect B、sense C、effort D、result
43．A、with B、for C、like D、as
44．A、pass B、take C、hold D、gain
45．A、all B、any C、none D、some
46．A、almost B、even C、still D、yet
47．A、ready B、likely C、unhappy D、unable
48．A、terrified B、annoyed C、tired D、disturbed
49．A、more than B、rather than C、no more D、no longer
50．A、pay B、raise C、buy D、fund
51．A、stone B、log C、block D、mass
52．A、get about B、get by C、get through D、get over
53．A、wise B、mistaken C、strict D、kind
54．A、dared B、forced C、encouraged D、expected
55．A、well B、far C、soon D、simple
第三部分 閱讀理解(共20小題; 每小題2分,滿分40分)
A
Scientists have discovered 11 new species of plants and animals in Vietnam, including a snake, two butterflies and five orchid varieties, the World Wildife Fund said Wednesday.
The new species were found in a remote region known as the “Green Corridor” in Thua Thien Hue province in central Vietnam, the international conservation group said. “You can only discover so many new species in very special places, and the Green Corridor is one of them,”Chris Dickinson, the WWF’s chief technical adviser in the region, said in a statement.
The new snake species, the white-lipped keel back, generally lives near streams and eats frogs and other small animals, the WWF said . It has a yellow-white stripe along its head, red dots on its body and can grow to more than 30 inches long.
The new butterfly species are among eight discovered in Thua Thien Hue since 1996. One is a “skipper”, a butterfly that flies in a quick, darting motion.
Three of the new orchid species are leafless, which is unusual for orchids, the WWF said. The other new plant species include one in the aspidistra family, which produces a black flower and can exist in low light ,and arum(海芋屬植物), which produces yellow flowers surrounded by funnelshaped leaves.
“It’s great news for Vietnam,” said Bernard O’Callaghan, Vietnam program coordinator for the World Conservation Union. “The jungles and mountains of Vietnam are fascinating places and they continue to surprise scientists.” The WWF said all the new species are exclusive to tropical forests in Vietnam’s Annamits mountain range. It said all the species in the area are under threat from illegal logging, hunting and development.
56．Which would be the best title for this text?
A、New Plants and Animals in Vietnam
B、Importance of New Species in Vietnam
C、Great News for Vietnam
D、New Plant and Animal Species Found in Vietnam
57．Which of the following is NOT false according to the passage?
A、The new snake species was found in the “Green Corridor” in eastern Vietnam.
B、Chris Dickinson probably believes that the above mentioned species exist nowhere else in the world but tropical forests in Vietnam’s Annamits mountain range.
C、The newly-found snake species lives near streams and eats small animals except frogs.
D、The Green Corridor is the only special place to discover so many new species.
58．By saying “The jungles and mountains of Vietnam are fascinating places and they continue to surprise scientists”,the author intends to .
A、express that scientists often get surprised at such jungles and mountains
B、warn people against walking in the jungles and mountains
C、say that scientists are eager to make important finds in the jungles and mountains
D、tell readers that scientists are afraid to go to these fascinating places
59．All these statements are true EXCEPT .
A、“skipper” is one of the new butterfly species that can fly quickly
B、the new butterfly species was originally discovered in 1996
C、an arum is not a branch of the new orchid species
D、the local government has taken effective measures to protect these rare species
B
The Australian continent is a land like no other. Its animals, plants and landscapes have evolved (演化) over one thousand years, and there are about a million different natural species （物種）in Australia. More than 80 per cent of the country’s plants and animals are unique to Australia, along with most of the fish and almost half the birds.
Australia has more than 140 species of marsupials (有袋動(dòng)物)，including koalas, wombats and the Tasmanian devil, now found only in the Australian wilderness. More than 750 species of birds have been recorded in Australia, 350 of which are found nowhere else in the world. Among them are the kookaburra, the rainbow lorikeet and fairy penguins. There are also 55 differernt species of macropods―the kangaroo family―native to Australia. They vary greatly in size and weight, ranging from half a kilogram to 90 kilograms.
The country has been making every effort to protect its natural heritage. Despite the large size of the continent, the majority of Australians live on the coast and in major cities―around 75 per cent of Australia’s population lives in city areas.
Australia is the driest continent on earth. Its center has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is dry. These dry areas extend from the large central deserts to the western coast. Soils in these areas are very poor compared to other deserts. This has given Australians a great challenge.They have to make the best use of the variety of regions to meet the competing demands of agriculture, economy and conservation.
60．What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?
A、Australia is a very large country.
B、Australia has a very long history.
C、Australia has its unique natural species.
D、Australia has the largest number of plants and animals in the
world.
61．Wombats and the Tasmanian devil are the names of .
A、plants B、animals C、places D、people
62．About kinds of birds can only be found in Australia.
A、140 B、350 C、400 D、750
63．Most of Australians live .
A、in the middle of the country B、in the countryside
C、in the west of the country D、in the coastal cities
C
In a survey of 1,500 European hotel managers, Americans were ranked second, behind the Japanese, as the world's best tourists. In the survey, conducted in April by the online travel site Expedia's German branch, Americans were seen as the most likely to try to speak a foreign language and the most interested in sampling local food.
Americans came in third, behind the Japanese and British, as the "most polite" tourists, and third, behind the Japanese and Germans, as "best behaved." And - we're sure this has nothing to do with how the hotel managers view Americans - Americans were ranked far and away as the world's most generous tippers and biggest spenders.
On the other hand, Americans were seen as the shabbiest dressers, the most likely to complain and the second noisiest. Who's louder? Only the Italians.
Some of the other findings: Russians were seen as the least polite travelers, followed by the Israelis and French. The stingiest tippers: the Germans, followed by the French and Israelis.
Italians, by far, were ranked as the best dressers, followed by the French and Spanish. In terms of bad dressing, the British were a distant second to Americans, followed by the Germans.
Who's the most unwilling to try speaking in a foreign language? The French, the British and the Italians, in that order.
The Chinese are the most reluctant to sample foreign food, followed closely by - this is strange - the British, whose home cuisine is probably the world's most seriously laughed at (a little unfairly, perhaps.)
And, finally, the overall award for "worst tourists in the world" goes to the French, with the Indians and Chinese taking home the silver and bronze, respectively.
64．The writer presents the passage here hoping to ________.
A．praise some travelers
B．criticize some travelers
C．present the result of a survey
D．encourage people to travel
65．Considering the best behaviour, the tourists ranking second are from _______.
A．Britain B．America C．Japan D．Germany
66．According to the survey, the worst dressers in tourists are ____.
A．the British B．Americans C．the Germans D．the Spanish
67．The underlined word “cuisine” can be replaced by ________.
A．cooking B．decoration
C．education D．management
D
Two University of Oklahoma scientists are starting research that they hope will someday lead to the development of a vaccine（疫苗） to fight against the HIV Virus, which causes AIDS.
The research, to be carried out by Mark Lang, an assistant professor at the OU Health Sciences Center, and microbiologist John West , will examine the basic aspects of the immune system, rather than the complex aspects of the virus.
They theorize that if a key function of the body’s immune system can be found exactly, it could be the first step toward developing a vaccine.
“To develop a new vaccine, we realzed we first have to study and understand the immune system,” Lang said.
Lang said their work will focus on researching the basic antibody responses from Natural Killer―like T―cells . A potential vaccine would contain NKT cells and would improve the immune system’s antibodies, which fight outside invaders such as HIV by preventing them from entering cells or giving the immune system enough of a boost to kill them.
NKT cells, which have been a part of research into cancer and other diseases, have not previously been the focus of HIV research, Lang said.
The research will last 18 months, with tests being performed on mice. The Oklahoma Center is giving $300,000 toward the research, and if the research proves promising, Lang and West will apply to the National Institutes of Health for more funding.
“If we are successful, we will have made an important contribution to the field, but we will still be several steps away from an effective vaccine, ” Lang said.
Lang said that in a best ?case scenario (最好的情況)their research could lead to a vaccine ready for use in about four years.
68．The research to be carried out will focus on .
A、the immune system B、the test performed on mice
C、NKT cells D、the HIV virus
69．The underlined part“a boost ” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A、growth in size B、an amount of time
C、a great number D、an increase in power
70．We can infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 8 that .
A、other researchers need to help them
B、the research seems to be a failure
C、further research needs to be done
D、the vaccine can kill all viruses
71．What would be the best title for the passage?
A、Two Researchers Begin To Study the Immune System
B、NKT Cells Have Been a Part of Research into Cancer
C、The Relationship Between the Immune System and HIV
D、Two Scientists Work To Develop Hiv Vaccine
E
Middle school teachers in the United States are noticing a new generation of errors coming into their pupils’essays, Associated Press has reported.
An increasing number of students hand in classwork containing words that may confuse adults. For example, they wrote “I WUNT TUBAROXTR” for “I want to be a rock star” and “DLERES PCNU” for“delicious pumpkin”. Middle school theachers say they most frequently encounter “b/c” for “because”, “w/o” for “without” and “4-ever” for “forever”.
Those simple abbreviations (縮略詞) and phonetic spellings are known as “instant messaging-speak” (即時(shí)消息式語(yǔ)言) or “IM-speak”. Today these words have become so common in children’s social lives that they are finding their way into essays and other writing assignments.
However, the rise of informal communication through e-mail, Internet blogs and cell phone text messaging has not stopped school teachers from telling students the importance of spelling.
“We’ve got a strict policy so they can be penalized for that―we don’t allow it. We talk about the four levels of the language: slang (俚語(yǔ)), colloquial (口語(yǔ)), informal and formal, which apply to both spoken and written language,” said Beverly Arnold, chairwoman of the English and language arts depart-ment at Owasso High School, Oklahoma.
“I think it’s critically important―for both formal and informal communication. We teach kids that they need to learn to exist in a world outside their social networks, and that repuires them to use proper grammar and spelling when they speak and write,” said Marsha Edmonds, director of curriculum in the Tulsa Public Schools, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Teachers use different strategies to teach spelling than they did 20 years ago, Edmonds explained. Instead of giving students random (隨意的) lists of words to master, teachers now draw on vocabulary from the literature their classes are studying or subject matter being covered in science and social studies.
But some educators, like David Warlick, 54, of Raleigh, North Carolina, see the growing young band of instant messengers as a phenomenon that should be celebrated. Teachers should cradit their stuents with inventing a new language ideal for communicating in a high-tech world, said Warlick, who has written three books on technology in the classroom.
72．Many adults feel when seeing the “IM-speak” like “b/c”, “w/o” and “4-ever”.
A、interested B、puzzled C、worried D、disappointed
73．According to Marsha Edmonds, .
A、spelling is only important for formal communication
B、students need to learn to live in their social networks
C、we have four levels of the language: slang, colloquial,
informal and formal
D、students should use proper grammar and spelling when they speak and write
74．Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A、“IM-speak” is becoming increasingly popular in teenagers’lives.
B、Students in the past spent less time in memorizing the new words.
C、Beverly Arnold is very strict with her students.
D、Teachers used to give students random lists of words to remember.
75．It can be inferred from the passage that .
A、all the teachers say “NO”to “IM-speak”
B、school teachers don’t do enough to stop students from using
“IM-speak”
C、teachers still use old-fashioned methods to teach spelling
nowadays
D、David Warlick is a man who enjoys trying new things
第四部分 寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）
第一節(jié)：對(duì)話填空（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）
閱讀下面對(duì)話，掌握其大意，并根據(jù)所給的首字母的提示，在標(biāo)有題號(hào)的右邊橫線上寫出一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞的完整、正確的形式，使對(duì)話通順。
A：Wow, you coat’s very dirty. Did you fall?
B：Yes, I had a terrible 76. e on the underground train when I was on the 77. w to work.A man came up to me and pulled out a knife. He 78.P it right at me.
A：Oh, no. Are you all right? Did he 79. h you ?
B：No. he didn’t, but he took my handbag.
A：Then what happened? What did you do ?
B：I 80. c hold of his arm and he pushed me to the floor.
A：Oh,no. Why did you take his arm ? That’s 81. d .
B：I don’t know. I didn’t think.
A：What did the other 82.P do ? Did they help you ?
B：Yes. Two men ran 83. a the robber and held him.
A：Did the police come?
B：Yes, the police were called and two policemen came and took the 84. r to the 85.P Station.
第二節(jié)： 書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）
假如你是班長(zhǎng)，你們學(xué)校本周日將組織一次參觀首都博物館的活動(dòng)，請(qǐng)你寫一個(gè)口頭通知。相關(guān)內(nèi)容如下：
安排：8：00在學(xué)校大門口集合，集體乘車去首都博物館；
8：40在導(dǎo)游的帶領(lǐng)下參觀首都博物館；
12：00參觀結(jié)束，集體乘車返回學(xué)校。
要求：1、參觀過(guò)程中請(qǐng)自覺(jué)遵守公共秩序；
2、館內(nèi)禁止拍照；
3、參觀后每人寫一篇感想。
注意：1、詞數(shù)：100左右；
2、可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；
3、通知的開(kāi)頭已為你寫好。
Dear students,
Attention, please!
衡水中學(xué)2008―2009學(xué)年第一學(xué)期第四次調(diào)研考試
高三年級(jí)化學(xué)試卷
本試卷包含兩部分，第一部分為客觀題，共30個(gè)題，50分，將答案填涂到答題卡上；第二部分為主觀題，共7個(gè)題，60分，將答案答在答題紙上。請(qǐng)注意答題時(shí)間為110分鐘。
可能用到的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量： H：
Cu：64Mg：24 Ca：40 Fe： 56 Ag：108 Au：197
江西省白鷺洲中學(xué)08-09學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期第一次月考
生 物 試 題
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H3O+ + CO32－
16．反應(yīng)N2O4(g) 
B．
C．
D．
A．
B．
C． D．
Ⅰ．蛋白質(zhì)中的氮（用氨基表示）在強(qiáng)熱和CuSO4、濃H2SO4
作用下，生成一種無(wú)機(jī)含氮化合物，反應(yīng)式為： 
2NH2－ + H2SO4
+ 2H+ 
�、颍摕o(wú)機(jī)化合物在凱氏定氮器中與堿作用，通過(guò)蒸餾釋放出NH3，收集于H3BO3
溶液中，生成(NH4)2B4O7。