2009屆山東省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三年級(jí)第四次綜合測(cè)試
數(shù)學(xué)理科卷
注意事項(xiàng)：
1．本試題分為第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分，滿分150分，考試時(shí)間為120分鐘．
2．答第Ⅰ卷前務(wù)必將自己的姓名、考號(hào)、考試科目涂寫在答題卡上．考試結(jié)束，試題
和答題卡一并收回．
3．第Ⅰ卷每題選出答案后，都必須用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)（ABCD）
涂黑，如需改動(dòng)，必須先用橡皮擦干凈，再改涂其它答案．
第Ⅰ卷 （共60分）
湖北省黃岡市黃州區(qū)一中2009年高考模擬試卷
英語(yǔ)
第一部分：聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）
第二部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）
第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)填空（共15小題：每小題1分，滿分15分）
從A,B,C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
21. ― What about some more tea?
― It’s very kind of you. .
A. It tastes bitter B. That’s all right
C. I like it very much D. Just a little, please
21. D. A、B、C項(xiàng)是答非所問。
22. It was the people at school that they spent hours and hours, staying up late into the night.
A. talk about B. talking about
C. to talk about D. being talked about
22. B. 考查spend time (in) doing……的基本句式，通過強(qiáng)調(diào)doing……部分而改變了句型結(jié)構(gòu)。
23. The couple bought a villa (別墅) with a garden behind it near the sea their parents’ health.
A. in line with B. in case of
C. for the sake of D. at the risk of
23. C. for the sake of由于……原因；in line with與……一致；in case of以防萬(wàn)一；at the risk of冒……的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
24. We were disappointed that the sports meeting had been put off because of the bad weather.
A. to have been told B. to be told
C. having been told D. being told
24. A. be disappointed后可接動(dòng)詞不定式，并且動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，所以用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式。
25. I will congratulate you your passing the college entrance examination.
A. for B. to C. on D. at
25. C. 考查congratulate sb on sth句型。
26. So the missing money must still be in the other jacket, you were wearing yesterday.
A. the one B. one C. what D. this
26. A. the one是the other jacket的同位語(yǔ)。
27. I the written papers, but failed in the oral examination.
A. got over B. went by C. pulled through D. got through
27. D. get through通過考試。
28. ― What is Mary doing over there?
― She is removing dust from the carpet by it.
A. beating B. striking C. knocking D. hitting
28. A. beat在此的意思為“(連續(xù)) 敲打”。
29. ―Where is the telephone book?
―I it for you.
A. get B. will get C. am to get D. am going to get
29. B. 在說話時(shí)臨時(shí)決定去做某事，通常用will。
30. When the nurse took the patient’s temperature, it was three degrees above .
A. ordinary B. regular C. normal D. average
30. C. above normal在通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之上。
31. People have been stocking up on water, food and candles in for the terrible day.
A. preparation B. control C. need D. action
31. A. in preparation for為……作準(zhǔn)備。
32. ― Are you going to the park with me tomorrow?
― If Tom goes, .
A. so do I B. so I will C. so will I D. so I do
32. C. if從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)，主句應(yīng)用將來(lái)時(shí)，表示后者情況和前者相同，應(yīng)用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
33. ―The plane is due to take off at 8:00 from the airport.
― we can’t get there in time.
―Try to take another flight then.
A. As if B. Even if C. Only if D. What if
33. D. what if常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表示建議或擔(dān)心的句子，用于疑問句，可譯為“要是（如果，萬(wàn)一）……怎么辦？、倘若……將會(huì)怎樣？”；only if可引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，可譯為“如果，只有”；even if用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，可譯為“盡管、即使、縱然”。
34. ―Which of the speakers did you like better?
― , they were old.
A. None; all B. Neither; both C. Either; both D. All; none
34. B. 由“better”判斷得知。
35. ―Would you like me to help you with the English problem?
― . It’s a very difficult one.
A. Never mind B. With pleasure C. Why not D. It’s a pleasure
第二節(jié) 完形填空 （共20小題；每題1.5分，滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，掌握大意， 然后從36-55各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
I had arrived at the airport about 30 minutes before the check in. It had been a very busy three days for me with lots of 36 . So I was glad to have the 37 time to make my notes on 38 I needed to do the following day. But then came the 39 that my flight had to be 40 because there was a problem with the plane.
As I sat waiting for my flight to
be 41 I reflected on my last meeting of the
day. It was not a business meeting
It was great to have this additional time to replay in my mind all that we had talked about. I 50 just how important it is to have 51 reminders of the good times in your life. I was 52 enough to have had the chance to take a short break and reflect on the good things that had happened in my life over 12 years.
It was somewhat like looking at
an old photo album
My flight home was finally called three hours later.
36. A. classes B. lectures C. meetings D. greetings
37. A. extra B. easy C. hard D. enough
38. A. that B. how C. this D. what
39. A. conductor B. announcement C. discussion D. explanation
40. A. replaced B. canceled C. delayed D. destroyed
41. A. arranged B. followed C. introduced D. called
42. A. and B. but C. so D. or
43. A. new B. famous C. old D. attractive
44. A. repeating B. cosidering C. forgetting D. recalling
45. A. lives B. families C. schools D. offices
46. A. bad B. sad C. disappointing D. good
47. A. proved B. suggested C. shared D. described
48. A. how much B. how many C. how long D. how far
49. A. then B. again C. there D. carefully
50. A. realized B. wondered C. doubted D. thought
51. A. wonderful B. regular C. special D. real
52. A. right B. excited C. lucky D. proud
53. A. given away B. stored away C. kept away D. taken away
54. A. stories B. friends C. memories D. passengers
55. A. after all B. in all C. at first D. above all
36. C. 由下段的“my last meeting”判斷得出。
37. A. 由第三段的“It was great to have this additional time”判斷得出。
38. D. what引導(dǎo)介詞on的賓語(yǔ)從句，并在賓語(yǔ)從句中作do的賓語(yǔ)。
39. B. 機(jī)場(chǎng)發(fā)布了通知，此趟航班因?yàn)轱w機(jī)故障得晚點(diǎn)了。
40. C. 由下段的“As I sat waiting for my flight”或最后一段判斷得知，作者的航班起飛時(shí)間被推遲。
41. D. 由最后一段判斷得知。
42. B. not……but……不是……而是……。
43. C. 由下文的“I had not seen for over 12 years”判斷得出。
44. D. 我們一起回想過去的時(shí)光。由下文的“We both laughed and smiled as we recalled the……”得知。
45. A. 選項(xiàng)B、C、D是片面的，所以選A項(xiàng)。也可由下段的“the good times in your life”判斷得出。
46. D. 由上文的“l(fā)aughed and smiled”判斷得出。
47. C. 我們一起分享的經(jīng)歷。
48. A. how much在此表程度。我們都很滿意那天的聚會(huì)。
49. B. 并且約定今后會(huì)再聚在一起暢談。
50. A. realize意識(shí)到，認(rèn)識(shí)到。
51. B. 我認(rèn)識(shí)到經(jīng)�；仡櫳械目鞓窌r(shí)光的重要性。
52. C. 我很幸運(yùn)有時(shí)間來(lái)回想過去的12年間的快樂時(shí)光。
53. B. 這就有點(diǎn)像是在看儲(chǔ)藏在你家柜子里的老相冊(cè)一樣。store away儲(chǔ)藏起來(lái)；give away分發(fā)，贈(zèng)送；keep away避開，不接近；take away帶走。
54. C. 呈現(xiàn)在你眼前的是許多精彩的回憶，它們帶你回到過去的時(shí)光和場(chǎng)景。
55. D. 最重要的是，它們讓你想起相片中的那些人。
第三部分：閱讀理解 （共20小題；每小題2分，滿分40分）
閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
A
A team of Japanese adventurers say they have discovered footprints they believe were made by the legendary yeti said to roam (游蕩) the Himalayan regions of Nepal and Tibet.
“The footprints were about 20 centimetres (eight
inches) long and looked like a human’s,” Yoshiteru Takahashi, the leader of the
Yeti Project
Takahashi was speaking after he returned with his seven-member team from their third attempt to track down the half-man-half-ape, tales of which have interested Western adventurers and mountaineers for decades.
Despite spending 42 days on Dhaulagiri IV―a 7,661-metre peak where they say they have seen traces of yetis in the past―the team failed in their prime (最初) objective of capturing one on film.
But Takahashi said the footprints were proof enough.
“Myself and other team members have been coming to the
“We remain convinced it is real. The footprints and the stories the local tell make us sure that it is not imaginary,” he added.
Photographs of the prints have been posted on the expedition’s website, www.everest.co.jp/yeti2008/.
The team had set out nine motion-sensitive cameras in an area where Takahashi saw what he thought was a yeti during a previous expedition in 2003.
“It was about 200 metres away in silhouette (輪廓). It was walking on two legs like a human and looked about 150 centimetres tall,” said Takahashi.
Despite their lack of success this time, the team plans to continue the search.
“We will come back as soon as we can, and we will keep coming back until we get the yeti on film,” said Takahashi.
56. We know from the text that .
A. Yoshiteru Takahashi and other team members have been coming to the Himalayas for months.
B. Japanese team plans to give up the search because of their lack of success.
C. you can find the photographs of the prints taken by Japanese team on the internet
D. Japanese team had set out nine ordinary cameras in an area where Takahashi saw a yeti.
57. The underlined word “those” (Paragraph Six) refers to
A. other team members B. yeti footprints
C. the stories the local tell D. bear, deer, wolf and snow leopard prints
58. What’s the Japanese team’s attitude about finding yetis?
A. Determined B. Puzzled C. Excited D. Worried
59. What is the text mainly about?
A. Yeti wanders in the Himalayan regions of Nepal and Tibet
B. Japanese team finds ‘yeti footprints’ in Nepal
C. Japanese team’s third attempt to search for yetis
D. Japanese team and the yeti footprints
56. C. 根據(jù)文章第八段得知。
57. D. 我們可以分辨熊、鹿、狼和雪豹的腳印，而這次發(fā)現(xiàn)的腳印不屬于這其中的任何一種。
58. A. 由文章第四段和最后一段推斷。
59. B. 本文是圍繞“日本探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)‘雪人’腳印”來(lái)描寫的。
B
Researchers at Ohio State University say sheep probably respond more to good care than any other animal. So the first thing people should ask themselves is whether they have enough time to give sheep the attention they need.
If the answer is yes, then a question is how many sheep to buy. Specialists at Oklahoma State University suggest starting with a small flock (群)―twenty to fifty females.
Consider your budget. Do you have enough money for supplies? Do you have the things you need to take care of barns and pasture (牧場(chǎng)) lands?
There are other basic questions to answer when getting started.
What kind of sheep do you want to raise? There are wool breeds and meat sheep and dual-purpose sheep which can be used for wool or food.
Find out what products people in your area want to buy. Is there greater demand for fresh lamb than warm woolen sweaters? What about demand for sheep’s milk for making cheese? Research what kinds of markets are available.
If pasture lands are limited, sometimes two ewes and a cow can be placed together. Susan Schoenian at the University of Maryland says sheep will eat weeds that cows reject.
Sheep may need hay and grains, but pastures with enough good grasses and weeds can often supply much of their diet. Sheep are good for the land when they feed on grasses. It helps renew pastures and it can keep land from returning to forest.
Sheep need a structure that will keep them dry. A barn where newborn lambs are housed should be well protected from the wind. Also, fences should be strong enough to hold energetic little lambs.
60. According to the text people must consider first if they want to raise sheep.
A. whether they have enough money for supplies
B. how many sheep they want to buy
C. whether they have enough time to look after sheep
D. whether they have the things they need to take care of barns
61. We can infer from the text that .
A. cows will eat weeds that sheep reject according to Susan Schoenian at the University of Maryland.
B. the kind of sheep people want to raise must depend on what products of sheep market demands.
C. sheep are harmful to the land when they feed on grasses.
D. a barn where newborn lambs are housed should let the wind in.
62. The underlined word “ewe” (Paragraph Seven) here probably means .
A. female sheep B. male sheep C. little lamb D. horse
63. If you raise sheep, it is important .
A. to keep them wet B. to keep them active
C. to take special care of their feet D. to keep them dry
60. C. 由文章第一段的第二句得知。
61. B. 由文章第六段的“Find out what products people in your area want to buy.及Research what kinds of markets are available.”判斷得知。
62. A. 由文章第二段的“starting with a small flock―twenty to fifty females”及第七段的“sheep will eat weeds that cows reject”判斷得知。
63. D. 由文章最后一段得知。
C
Are you at a loss as to how to handle your fretful (煩躁) child or how to ease your child’s colic (絞痛) discomfort? If you are, we welcome you to attend our one-hour baby massage (按摩) workshop conducted by our physiotherapists. This programme is suited for babies between one to 12 months old. You will learn the various techniques in baby massage and experience the joy of bonding with your child through touch.
Class Content:
Physiological benefits of baby massage
Psychological benefits for both parent and child
Creating a conducive environment for massage
Massaging a fretful child
Massaging a child with colic
Demonstration (示范) of various techniques
Hands-on experience
Commencement (開始) Date:
(Please choose only one date)
Venue:
Rehabilitation Department, Basement 1, Children’s Tower
Fee:
$20 per participant for 3 sessions
Note:
For cheque payment, please crossed and made payable to “KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital Pte. Ltd.”
Who should Attend:
Parents with babies aged 1－12 months. Participants are advised to wear pants when attending the class. Limit to two participants per registration (excluding baby).
Size of Class:
Minimum of 9 participants per class
Registration & Enquiries:
Patient Education Centre
Tel: 6394268
Weekdays: 9.30 am － 6.00 pm
Saturdays: 9.30 am － 1.00 pm
Or download registration form.
64. Which of the following is not the one that a person will learn?
A. Physiological benefits of parent massage B. How to massage a fretful child
C. The various techniques in baby massage D. Psychological benefits for child
65. How much should a couple with one child pay if they attend 9 sessions?
A.
$200 B. $
66. What kind of people is the text mainly written for?
A. Parents with a child aged 2 years B. Babies aged 1－12 months
C. Parents with a baby aged 8 months D. Children aged 1－12 years
67. If you want to know something about the Baby Massage Class, you can telephone .
A. at 8 am on Monday B. at 11 am on Sunday
C. at 2 pm on Saturday D. at 4 pm on Friday
64. A. 由“Class Content:”中的內(nèi)容得出。
65. B. $20 × 3 ×3 = $180。
66. C. 由第一段或“Who should Attend”中的內(nèi)容判斷得出。
67. D. 由“Registration & Enquiries”中的內(nèi)容判斷得出。
D
LONDON―Maths is not being taught well enough in many English schools with too much emphasis placed on “teaching to the test”, government inspectors said on Friday.
The report by Ofsted found that despite improving exam results, teaching in almost a half of all maths lessons was only satisfactory or worse and pupils did not achieve the necessary understanding.
“Too many schools are not teaching mathematics well enough,” said Ofsted Chief Inspector Christine Gilbert.
“The way mathematics is taught can make a huge difference to the level of enthusiasm and interest for the subject.”
Ofsted, which based its findings on a study of 192 schools, said 11 percent of maths lessons were outstanding, 44 percent good and 40 percent satisfactory, a level which commentators (評(píng)論員) said implied they were not up to scratch.
Six of the nine schools where teaching was not enough were secondary schools, the report said.
While results in SATs exams and GCSEs have improved, pupils were not being left with the required skills, it added.
“Many schools, particularly secondary, are not teaching mathematics well enough because they place too much emphasis on routine exercises and on ‘teaching to the test’”, the report said.
“While this style of teaching prepares pupils to pass examinations ... it is less effective in promoting the required understanding to apply mathematics to new situations, solve problems and communicate solutions.”
Earlier this year the government announced a 140 million pound strategy (策略) to increase the number of maths teachers, make lessons more exciting and improve exam results.
68. We can infer from the text that teaching in mathematics .
A. was weaker in primary schools than in secondary schools
B. was stronger in primary schools than in secondary schools
C. was outstanding in primary schools
D. was outstanding in secondary schools
69. The underlined words “up to scratch” (Paragraph Five) here probably means .
A. understandable B. believable C. doubtful D. satisfactory
70. The purpose of the government investing 140 million pound in measures was .
A. to transform the standard of maths teaching
B. to increase the wages of maths teachers
C. only to make lessons more living and interesting
D. to place much emphasis on regular exercises
71. The main purpose of this text is to tell people .
A. too much schools maths ‘taught to solve problems’ in England
B. many English children don’t like maths
C. maths is the most subject to many English children
D. too much schools maths ‘taught to the test’ in England
68. B. 由倒數(shù)第三段的“Many schools, particularly secondary, are not teaching mathematics well enough”判斷得知。
69. D. up to scratch令人滿意。
70. A. 由文章最后一段判斷A項(xiàng)是正確的。
71. D. 文章主要描寫了英國(guó)很多學(xué)校的數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)是為了應(yīng)付考試。
E
People who eat quickly until full are three times more likely to be overweight, a problem exacerbated (惡化) by the availability of fast food and the decline of orderly dining habits, Japanese researchers said on Wednesday.
The findings, published in the British Medical Journal, highlight how eating styles, and not just what or how much is eaten, can contribute to an obesity epidemic (流行病) fueled by the spread of Western-style affluence in many parts of the world.
The World Health Organization classifies around 400 million people as obese, five percent of them under the age of five. The condition raises the risk of diseases like type 2 diabetes, heart problems and stroke.
For their study, Hiroyasu Iso and colleagues at Osaka University asked more than 3,000 Japanese volunteers aged 30 to 69 about their eating. About half of the men and a little more than half of the women said they ate until full. About 45 percent of the men and 36 percent of the women said they ate quickly.
Those who said they ate until full and ate quickly were three times more likely to be fat than people in the “not eating until full and not eating quickly” group, the researchers found.
They cited (引證) as causes both the availability of cheap food in big portions (份) and habits like watching television while eating.
To counteract (抵消) the “supra-additive effect” of speedy or glut (過量) eating among children likely to obesity, parents should encourage them to eat slowly and in calm surroundings, the study found.
72. The researchers gave special attention to the obesity epidemic caused by .
A. eating time B. eating food C. eating style D. eating place
73. Which of the following is not the health problem related to obesity according to the text?
A. heart disease B. stroke C. type 2 diabetes D. toothache
74. There are about million of children under the age of five as obese according to the World Health Organization.
A. 400 B. 80 C. 20 D. 5
75. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Speedy eaters seen likelier to get fat
B. Pay attention to eat quickly until full
C. Overweight people are more in the world
D. Most children are likely to be overweight
72. C. 由文章第二段的“……h(huán)ighlight how eating styles,……can contribute to an obesity epidemic”判斷得知。
73. D. 由文章第三段判斷得知。
74. C. 由文章第三段判斷得知。400 million × 0.05 (five percent) = 20 million
75. A. 本文是圍繞“吃飯?zhí)焯栆追逝帧眮?lái)描寫的。
第二卷（兩部分，滿分35分）
第四部分：寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）
第一節(jié) 短文改錯(cuò)（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）
Dear Wu Fang,
How kind of you to write to me and what nice surprise 76.
it is for me to get your letter on this bright Sunday morning. 77.
I have such many good memories of my time in your city. 78.
As for my school life, I think my after-school activities are so 79.
interesting that I will enjoy me at school. Could you tell me more 80.
about yours.
I don’t think your English is poor. You have taken good 81.
progress in it. Next spring I plan to return China for my second 82.
visit it. I hope to make some more friends, but language is always 83.
a problem. Will you give me some advices on how to learn Chinese? 84.
Please giving my fondest regards to your family and friends. 85.
Yours truly,
Myrle
76. nice前加a 77. is→was 78. such→so 79. √ 80. me→ myself 81. taken→made 82. return后加to 83. 去掉visit后的it 84. advices→advice 85. giving→give
第二節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）
假如你是李萍，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下面的提示，給你的美國(guó)筆友Mary發(fā)一封電子郵件，介紹“神舟六號(hào)和神舟七號(hào)載人飛船”的情況。
飛船
發(fā)射時(shí)間
返回時(shí)間
搭載航天員
進(jìn)展情況
神舟六號(hào)
2005年10月12日
2005年10月17日
費(fèi)俊龍、聶海勝
第二艘載人飛船進(jìn)入太空，完成了多項(xiàng)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，證明了中國(guó)跨入世界空間強(qiáng)國(guó)行列。
神舟七號(hào)
2008年9月25日
2008年9月28日
翟志剛、劉伯明、景海鵬
第三艘載人飛船進(jìn)入太空，進(jìn)行了一系列太空科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，并且宇航員翟志剛在劉伯明的協(xié)助下進(jìn)行了太空行走，使中國(guó)成為繼蘇聯(lián)和美國(guó)之后第三個(gè)成功實(shí)現(xiàn)太空行走的國(guó)家。
注意：(1) 詞數(shù)100左右；
(2) 參考詞匯：飛船 spacecraft(單、復(fù)數(shù)相同) 發(fā)射 launch(vt.&n.)；
(3) 開頭部分已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。
Dear Mary,
I’m very glad to tell you something about China’s two manned spacecrafts Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou Ⅶ.
【參考范文】：
Dear Mary,
I’m very glad to tell you something about China’s two manned spacecrafts Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou Ⅶ.
China launched its second manned spacecraft Shenzhou VI on Oct 12, 2005, sending two astronauts into space. The astronauts, Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng, carried out many experiments and returned to the earth on Oct 17, 2005, which proves China has become a global space country.
On Sept 25, 2008 three Chinese astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng were sent into space by China’s third manned spacecraft Shenzhou Ⅶ. They landed safely on Sept 28, 2008. During the flight, the three astronauts carred out many scientific experiments in space. Above all Zhai Zhigang walked in space with the help of Liu Boming, making China the third country to conduct a spacewalk after the United States and Russia.
Yours,
Li Ping
湖北省黃岡市黃州區(qū)一中2009年高考模擬試卷
化學(xué)
本試卷分選擇題和非選擇題兩部分，滿分100分�？荚囉脮r(shí)100分鐘。
可能用到的原子量：H
第 I 卷（選擇題，共45分）
綜合科化學(xué)必修Ⅱ總復(fù)習(xí)資料
第五章 物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu) 元素周期律
教學(xué)目的1：
① 鞏固學(xué)習(xí)原子結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)的關(guān)系
② 鞏固學(xué)習(xí)元素周期表的結(jié)構(gòu)
教學(xué)課時(shí)：
2.5課時(shí)
知識(shí)體系 1
原子結(jié)構(gòu)和元素周期律知識(shí)的綜合網(wǎng)絡(luò)
1. 原子結(jié)構(gòu)（C）
⑴ 原子的組成
核電荷數(shù)（Z） == 核內(nèi)質(zhì)子數(shù)（Z） == 核外電子數(shù) == 原子序數(shù)
質(zhì)量數(shù)（A）== 質(zhì)子數(shù)（Z）＋ 中子數(shù)（N）
陰離子的核外電子數(shù) == 質(zhì)子數(shù) ＋ 電荷數(shù)（―）
陽(yáng)離子的核外電子數(shù) == 質(zhì)子數(shù) ＋ 電荷數(shù)（＋）
⑵ 區(qū)別概念：元素、核素、同位素
元素：具有相同核電荷數(shù)（即質(zhì)子數(shù)）的同一類原子的總稱
核素：具有一定數(shù)目的質(zhì)子和一定數(shù)目的中子的一種原子
同位素：質(zhì)子數(shù)相同而中子數(shù)不同的同一元素的不同原子的互稱；
也就是說同一元素的不同核素之間互稱為同位素。
⑶ 元素的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量
① 同位素的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量：該同位素質(zhì)量與
② 元素的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量等于各種同位素相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量與它們?cè)谠刂性铀及俜謹(jǐn)?shù)（豐度）乘積之和。即：元素的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量Ar == Ar1?a% ＋ Ar2?b% ＋ …
⑷ 核外電子的電子排布（了解）
① 核外電子運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的描述
電子云（運(yùn)動(dòng)特征）：電子在原子核外空間的一定范圍內(nèi)高速、無(wú)規(guī)則的運(yùn)動(dòng)，不能測(cè)定或計(jì)算出它在任何一個(gè)時(shí)刻所處的位置和速度，但是電子在核外空間一定范圍內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的幾率（機(jī)會(huì)）有一定的規(guī)律，可以形象地看成帶負(fù)電荷的云霧籠罩在原子核周圍，我們把它稱為電子云。
電子層：在多個(gè)電子的原子里，根據(jù)電子能量的差異和通常運(yùn)動(dòng)的區(qū)域離核遠(yuǎn)近不同，把電子分成不同的能級(jí)，稱之為電子層。電子能量越高，離核越遠(yuǎn)，電子層數(shù)也越大。
電子層符號(hào)
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
電子層序數(shù)n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
離核遠(yuǎn)近
近 ――→ 遠(yuǎn)
能量高低
低 ――→ 高
② 原子核外電子排布規(guī)律
每一層電子數(shù)最多不超過2n2 ；
最外層電子數(shù)最多不超過8個(gè)，次外層電子數(shù)最多不超過18個(gè)，倒數(shù)第三層不超過32個(gè)；
核外電子總是先占有能量最低的電子層，當(dāng)能量最低的電子層排滿后，電子才依次進(jìn)入能量較高的電子層。
⑸ 原子結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖的書寫
2. 元素周期表（B）
⑴ 元素周期表
H
1.008
元素周期表
He
4.003
Li
6.941
Be
9.012
B
10.81
C
12.01
N
14.01
O
16.00
F
19.00
Ne
20.18
Na
22.99
Mg
24.31
Al
26.98
Si
28.09
P
30.97
S
32.07
Cl
35.45
Ar
39.95
K
39.10
Ca
40.08
Sc
44.96
Ti
47.88
V
50.94
Cr
52.00
Mn
54.94
Fe
55.85
Co
58.93
Ni
58.69
Cu
63.55
Zn
63.39
Ga
69.72
Ge
72.61
As
74.92
Se
78.96
Br
79.90
Kr
83.80
Rb
85.47
Sr
87.62
Y
88.91
Zr
91.22
Nb
92.91
Mo
95.94
Tc
[98]
Ru
101.1
Rh
102.9
Pd
106.4
Ag
107.9
Cd
112.4
In
114.8
Sn
118.7
Sb
121.8
Te
127.6
I
126.9
Xe
131.3
Cs
132.9
Ba
137.3
La-Lu
Hf
178.5
Ta
180.9
W
183.8
Re
186.2
Os
190.2
Ir
192.2
Pt
195.1
Au
197.0
Hg
200.6
Tl
204.4
Pb
207.2
Bi
209.0
[210]
At
[210]
Rn
[222]
Fr
[223]
Ra
[226]
Ac-La
⑵ 元素周期表的結(jié)構(gòu)分解
周期名稱
周期別名
元素總數(shù)
規(guī)律
具有相同的電子層數(shù)而又按原子序數(shù)遞增的順序排列的一個(gè)橫行叫周期。
7個(gè)橫行
7個(gè)周期
第1周期
短周期
2
電子層數(shù) == 周期數(shù)
（第7周期排滿是第118號(hào)元素）
第2周期
8
第3周期
8
第4周期
長(zhǎng)周期
18
第5周期
18
第6周期
32
第7周期
不完全周期
26（目前）
族名
類名
核外最外層電子數(shù)
規(guī)律
周期表中有18個(gè)縱行，第8、9、10三個(gè)縱行為第Ⅷ族外，其余15個(gè)縱行，每個(gè)縱行標(biāo)為一族。
7個(gè)主族
7個(gè)副族
0族
第Ⅷ族
主
族
第ⅠA族
H和堿金屬
1
主族數(shù) == 最外層電子數(shù)
第ⅡA族
堿土金屬
2
第ⅢA族
3
第ⅣA族
碳族元素
4
第ⅤA族
氮族元素
5
第ⅥA族
氧族元素
6
第ⅦA族
鹵族元素
7
0族
稀有氣體
2或8
副族
第ⅠB族、第ⅡB族、第ⅢB族、第ⅣB族、
第ⅤB族、第ⅥB族、第ⅦB族、第Ⅷ族
[基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)1]
1．原計(jì)劃實(shí)現(xiàn)全球衛(wèi)星通訊需發(fā)射77顆衛(wèi)星，這與銥(Ir〕元素的原子核外電子數(shù)恰好相等,因此稱為“銥星計(jì)劃”。已知銥的一種同位素是19177Ir,則其核內(nèi)的中子數(shù)是
A.77 B
2．分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，某隕石中含有半衰期極短的鎂的一種放射性同位素28Mg，該同位素的原子核內(nèi)的中子數(shù)是
A．12 B．
3. Se是人體必需微量元素，下列關(guān)于
說法正確的是
A．互為同素異形體
B．互為同位素
C．分別含有44和46個(gè)質(zhì)子
D．都含有34個(gè)中子
4. 下列分子中，電子總數(shù)最少的是
A. H2S
B. O
5. 某些建筑材料中含有氡(Rn)，氡是放射性元素。 222Rn、219Rn、220Rn分別來(lái)自鐳、錒、釷，因而分別稱為鐳射氣、錒射氣和釷射氣。下列有關(guān)氡的說法，正確的是
A. 氡是雙原子分子 B. 氡氣因其化學(xué)性質(zhì)活潑而對(duì)人體有害
C. 氡氣因其具有放射性而對(duì)人體有害 D. 222Rn、219Rn、220Rn是三種同素異形體
6. 幾種單核微粒具有相同的核電荷數(shù)，則
A. 一定是同位素 B. 一定是同種原子 C. 一定是同種元素 D. 一定質(zhì)量數(shù)相等
7. 同溫同壓下，等容積的兩個(gè)密閉集氣瓶中分別充滿
A. 質(zhì)子數(shù)相等，質(zhì)量不等 B. 分子數(shù)和質(zhì)量都不相等
C. 分子數(shù)、質(zhì)量均相等 D. 原子數(shù)、中子數(shù)和質(zhì)量數(shù)均相等
8. 已知元素A的氫化物分子式為H
A.
9. A元素原子的L層比B元素原子的L層少3個(gè)電子，B元素的原子核外電子總數(shù)比A元素原子的核外電子總數(shù)多5個(gè)，則A與B可形成的化合物類型為
A. AB B. BA
10. 甲、乙是周期表中同一主族的兩種元素，若甲的原子序數(shù)為x，則乙的原子序數(shù)不可能是
A. x＋2 B. x＋
11. X和Y屬短周期元素，X原子的最外層電子數(shù)是次外層電子數(shù)的一半，Y位于X的前一周期，且最外層只有一個(gè)電子，則X和Y形成的化合物的化學(xué)式可表示為
A.XY
B.XY
13．下列微粒的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖中，表示氟離子的是
14. X元素的陽(yáng)離子和Y元素的陰離子具有與氬原子相同的電子層結(jié)構(gòu)，下列敘述正確的是
A. X的原子序數(shù)比Y的小 B. X原子的最外層電子數(shù)比Y的大
C. X的原子半徑比Y的大 D. X元素的最高正價(jià)比Y的小
15. X、Y、Z為短周期元素，這些元素原子的最外層電子數(shù)分別為1、4、6，則由這3種元素組成的化合物的化學(xué)式不可能是
A. XYZ B. X2YZ C. X2YZ2 D. X2YZ3
16. 美國(guó)勞侖斯國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室曾在1999年宣布用86Kr離子轟擊208Pb靶得到118號(hào)元素的一種原子，其質(zhì)量數(shù)為293。其后，反復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)均未能重現(xiàn)118號(hào)元素的信號(hào)，因此該實(shí)驗(yàn)室在2001年8月宣布收回該論文。但是科學(xué)家們相信，完成的第七周期包含的元素?cái)?shù)目與第六周期相同。若118號(hào)元素將來(lái)被確認(rèn)，則下列預(yù)測(cè)合理的是
A. 它的中子數(shù)是118 B. 它是第八周期元素
C. 它是活潑的金屬元素 D. 它的最外層電子數(shù)是8
17. 已知碳有三種常見的同位素：
A.18種 B.6種 C.7種 D.12種
18. 氯元素的天然同位素有
和
。氯元素的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量為35.45，則天然氯元素中和的原子數(shù)目之比約為
A.3:1 B.1:
19.下列各組中的三種微粒，所含質(zhì)子數(shù)與電子數(shù)都相等的是
A. Na+、 Mg2+、 Al3+ B. HCl、H2S、 Ar C. H2O、OH-、 Na+ D. NH4+、 Na+、F-
20.某元素R的核內(nèi)含有N個(gè)中子，R的質(zhì)量數(shù)為A，在其與氫化合時(shí)，R呈-n價(jià)，則WgR的氣態(tài)氫化物中所含電子的物質(zhì)的量為
A. 
B.
C. 
D. 
21．對(duì)第n電子層，若它作為原子的最外層，則容納的電子數(shù)最多與n-1層的相同；當(dāng)它作為次外層，則容納的電子數(shù)比n+1層上電子數(shù)最多能多１０個(gè)，則第n層為
A．L層 B．M層 C．N層 D．任意層
22．A、B、C均為周期表中的短周期的元素，它們?cè)谥芷诒淼奈恢萌缦聢D。已知B、C兩元素在周期表中族數(shù)之和是A元素族數(shù)的２倍；B、C元素的原子序數(shù)之和是A 元素的原子序數(shù)的４倍，則A、B、C所在的一組是
A．Be、Na、Al B．B、Mg、Si
C．O、P、Cl D．C、Al、P
23. 關(guān)于主族元素的敘述，不正確的是
A. 主族序數(shù)等于元素原子的最外層電子數(shù)
B. 元素的最高正價(jià)等于原子最外層電子數(shù)
C. 最低負(fù)價(jià)數(shù)的絕對(duì)值等于原子最外層達(dá)穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)所需電子數(shù)
D. 都既有正化合價(jià)，又有負(fù)化合價(jià)
24．
A．4.5mol B．5mol C．5.5mol D．6mol
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