中國地理專題復(fù)習(xí)(二)
第二講 中國自然地理狀況
(三) 讀圖綜合題
1.讀下圖"沿北緯32度線我國地形剖面圖,完成下列要求:(8分)
(1)圖中字母表示的范圍,分別代表我國地勢的階梯等級是:
A代表地勢第___ 級階梯,B代表地勢第___ 級階梯,
C代表地勢第___ 級階梯。
(2)圖中序號代表的是:
① 高原 ,② 山脈, ③ 盆地
④ 平原, ⑤ 海。
2.長江水系圖回答:
(1)寫出圖中數(shù)碼所代表地理事物名稱:
建成的重要的水電站、水利樞紐:
② ,③ ;
支流:⑥ ,⑦ ;
湖泊:⑧ ,⑨ ;
(2)長江中下游平原是我國三大 基地之一,長江流域既是我國最大的油菜籽產(chǎn)區(qū)、 產(chǎn)區(qū)和魚苗基地,也是我國重要的 基地。
3.讀我國四大高原、四大盆地、三大平原示意圖,填下表(寫地形區(qū)名稱)
山脈名稱
兩側(cè)地形區(qū)
東側(cè)
西側(cè)
大興安嶺
太行山
巫山
第一部分:地球和地圖
(政協(xié)高補(bǔ)專用)
Ⅰ、地球
復(fù)習(xí)總要求:
1. 了解地球的一般情況,如形狀、大小、質(zhì)量等。
2. 熟練掌握地球上的經(jīng)緯網(wǎng),并會運(yùn)用經(jīng)緯線知識解決實(shí)際地理問題。
3. 掌握地球的自轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動、公轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動特點(diǎn)及其地理意義。
4. 熟練運(yùn)用地球運(yùn)動知識分析常見地理現(xiàn)象和事實(shí)。
5. 熟練掌握,并會正確推斷時區(qū)、正午太陽高度角。
一、地球的形狀和大小
1、形狀:兩極稍扁,赤道略鼓的橢球體------地球自轉(zhuǎn)的結(jié)果
*地球形狀的地理意義:
(1) 地球上有晝夜之分(地球不透明,不發(fā)光)
(2) 太陽輻射強(qiáng)度由低緯向高緯逐漸減少------地球各緯度受熱不均。
2、大小:
平均半徑=6371千米 赤道周長=4萬千米 表面積=5.1億平方千米
地球質(zhì)量=60萬億億噸------有足夠的引力吸引住厚厚的大氣層(2000~3000千米)
二、地球儀
地球儀是一個正圓的球體,是地球的模型。構(gòu)成地球儀的要素有:
1、地軸 地球自西向東地自轉(zhuǎn)所圍繞的一根假想的軸。
2、南、北極 地軸同地球表面相交的兩點(diǎn),叫兩極,其中對著北極星的一端是地球的北極,另一端是地球的南極。
3、赤道 在地球儀上,同南北兩極距離相等的大圓圈,叫赤道。赤道將地球平分為南北兩個半球,赤道以南為南半球,赤道以北為北半球。
觀察經(jīng)緯網(wǎng),分析比較經(jīng)線、緯線、經(jīng)度、緯度的區(qū)別:
畫輔助圖:(1)經(jīng)度(兩面角)、緯度(線面角) ;
(2)經(jīng)線、緯線在側(cè)視圖、俯視圖中的形狀;
(3)從經(jīng)度、緯度數(shù)值變化規(guī)律判斷東經(jīng)、西經(jīng)、北緯、南緯。
4、經(jīng)線 在地球儀上,連接南北兩極的線,叫經(jīng)線,也叫子午線。
5、本初子午線 國際上規(guī)定,把通過英國首都倫敦格林尼治天文臺原址的那一條經(jīng)線,定為0°經(jīng)線,也叫本初子午線。
6、經(jīng)度 從0°經(jīng)線算起,向東、西各作180度,以東的180度屬于東經(jīng),表示方法:“120°E”讀做“東經(jīng)120度”;以西的180度屬于西經(jīng),表示方法:“20°W”讀做“西經(jīng)20度”。
7、東、西半球 習(xí)慣上,自20°W經(jīng)線順時針地(或自東向西地)到160°E經(jīng)線這部分叫做西半球。自20°W經(jīng)線逆時針地(或自西向東地)到160°E經(jīng)線,這部分叫做東半球。
8、經(jīng)線的特點(diǎn) ⑴所有的經(jīng)線都相交于南北極點(diǎn);⑵所有的經(jīng)線長度相等;⑶兩條相對應(yīng)的經(jīng)線構(gòu)成一個經(jīng)線圈,且都可以把地球平分為兩個半球。
9、緯線 在地球儀上,同赤道平行的線叫緯線,緯線長度不等。所有的緯線都自成一個圓圈,叫緯線圈。
10、緯度 由赤道到北極和南極分別作90度,赤道以北是北緯,赤道以南是南緯。北緯90度就是北極,南緯90度就是南極。表示方法:“22°N”讀做“北緯20度”;“40°S”讀做“南緯40度”。
赤道是周長最大的緯線圈,長度約4萬公里。南、北極點(diǎn)是最短的緯線圈長度等于0。
此外,人們根據(jù)緯度的不同,稱0°~30°SN為低緯地區(qū);30°~60°SN為中緯地區(qū);60°~90°SN為高緯地區(qū)。
11、經(jīng)緯網(wǎng) 在地球儀上,經(jīng)線和緯線相交,就構(gòu)成經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)。
經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)的用途:⑴確定地球表面任何一個地點(diǎn)的地理坐標(biāo),即具體位置。如:我們偉大祖國的首都北京,位于40°N、116°E的交點(diǎn)附近。⑵確定兩個地點(diǎn)的相對方向。如根據(jù)經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)就可以看出拉薩城在南京城西邊稍偏南一些。
事實(shí)上,以上這些規(guī)定,大多是人為的制定,地球表面上根本就沒有這些線和網(wǎng)。
例題1、地球上某點(diǎn),它的北側(cè)是熱帶,南側(cè)是溫帶,東側(cè)是西半球,西側(cè)是東半球,該點(diǎn)是: A、23.50N,1600E B、23.50S,1600E C、23.50N,200W D、23.50S,200W
例題2、某人從某地A出發(fā),依次向南(B)、東(C)、北(D)、西(E)各行200千米,那么該人回到哪里?(考查了學(xué)生的方向和對經(jīng)緯線特點(diǎn)的掌握情況)
提示:A地的位置有五種可能,(1)赤道 (2)北半球 (3)南半球 (4)北極點(diǎn) (5)南極點(diǎn)
各種位置情況下,經(jīng)緯線的特點(diǎn)都不同,通過畫圖很容易能得出結(jié)論。
三、地球上的時區(qū)和日界線
地方時:經(jīng)度不同,地方時也不同。每隔經(jīng)度15度,時間相差1小時。
東邊的時間比西邊的時間早。
時區(qū):國際上劃分時區(qū)的方法。(圖略)
規(guī)律:A、全球共有24個時區(qū),東西各12時區(qū),東西十二時區(qū)合為一個時區(qū)。
B、每個時區(qū)都跨經(jīng)度15度。
C、每個時區(qū)的中央經(jīng)線度數(shù)=時區(qū)數(shù)×15度
D、東邊的時區(qū)比西邊的時區(qū)時間早
E、算時區(qū):經(jīng)度數(shù)/150 (四舍五入)
區(qū)時:每個時區(qū)共同使用的時間稱為區(qū)時。
區(qū)時都以中央經(jīng)線的地方時作為全區(qū)共同使用的時間。
北京時間:北京所在的東八區(qū)的區(qū)時。(但邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)需調(diào)整作息時間)
烏魯木齊時間:新疆采用的東六區(qū)的區(qū)時。
世界時:0度經(jīng)線上的地方時。
日界線:是地球上新的一天的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)。
東十二時區(qū)比西十二時區(qū)早24小時,即早一天。但鐘點(diǎn)相同。
國際上規(guī)定以180┾經(jīng)線作為日界線,但實(shí)際兩者并不完全重合。
中國跨五個時區(qū):(東五-----東九) (730E------1350E)
例1、2000年文科綜合測試第1―第7題。(圖略)
例2、一艘航行于太平洋的船,從12月30日12時(區(qū)時)起,經(jīng)過5分鐘,越過了180經(jīng)線,這時,其所在地點(diǎn)的區(qū)時可能是( )
A、12月29日12時5分 B、12月30日11時55分
C、12月30日12時5分 D、12月31日12時5分
例3、當(dāng)全球日期屬于同一日期時,北京時間為:( )
A、6時 B、8時 C、12時 D、20時
例4、某地北為中緯度,南為低緯度,用的是“北京時間”,該地的地理坐標(biāo)是( )
A、23026′N,1200E B、300N,1150E C、23026′S,1160E D、300N,1400E
例5、從甲地(700N,800E)到乙地(700N,1500E),若不考慮地形因素,最近的走法是: A、一直向正東方向走 B、先向東南,再向東,最后向東北走
C、先向東北,再向東,最后向東南走 D、先向東南,再向東北走
(注:球面上兩點(diǎn)間的最近距離是:以球心為球心,以大圓半徑為半徑,經(jīng)過兩點(diǎn)的一段劣弧。)
四、地球的運(yùn)動(自轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動和公轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動)
(一)自轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動:
1、方向、周期、速度:
(1) 方向:三種方向
在北極俯視地球,逆時針自西向東;
在南極俯視地球,順時針自西向東;
側(cè)視地球,繞地軸自西向東。
(2)周期:兩個周期(恒星日和太陽日)
擴(kuò)展思維:
A、當(dāng)自轉(zhuǎn)方向?yàn)樽詵|向西,公轉(zhuǎn)為自西向東時:恒星日>太陽日(23小時52分8秒)
B、當(dāng)自轉(zhuǎn)方向?yàn)樽晕飨驏|,公轉(zhuǎn)為自東向西時:恒星日>太陽日
C、當(dāng)自轉(zhuǎn)方向?yàn)樽詵|向西,公轉(zhuǎn)為自東向西時:恒星日<太陽日(24小時)
結(jié)論: 當(dāng)自轉(zhuǎn)與公轉(zhuǎn)同向時,恒星日<太陽日;
當(dāng)自轉(zhuǎn)與公轉(zhuǎn)不同向時,恒星日>太陽日
(恒星日永遠(yuǎn)是23小時56分4秒)。
(3)速度:
角速度:每小時轉(zhuǎn)過的角度。 ω=3600/24小時 即150/小時 10/4分鐘
南北極點(diǎn)除外處處都相等。
線速度:每小時轉(zhuǎn)過的弧長。 V= 2πcosΦ R(周長)/ 24小時(時間)
由赤道向兩極遞減!
結(jié)論:南北兩極,既無角速度,又無線速度!
2、自轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的地理意義:
(1)晝夜更替
作圖判斷:側(cè)視、俯視、立體圖、各種變式圖等。判斷晨線和昏線。(圖略)
(2)產(chǎn)生地方時差
(3)產(chǎn)生偏向
作圖分析:北半球、南半球、赤道地區(qū)水平運(yùn)動物體的偏向情況。(圖略)
*分析偏向?qū)Φ乩硎挛锂a(chǎn)生的影響:
A. 影響大氣環(huán)流和大氣運(yùn)動(舉例說明:氣旋與反氣旋、大氣環(huán)流)
B. 影響大洋環(huán)流(舉例:太平洋)
C. 影響河流的沖刷、堆積
(4)影響地球形狀:三軸橢球體
(二)地球公轉(zhuǎn)
1、公轉(zhuǎn)的方向、軌道、周期、速度
(1)方向:自西向東
周期:一個回歸年365天5時48分46秒
(2)公轉(zhuǎn)軌道與速度
開普勒定律:等同的時間內(nèi)所掃過的面積相等。
特點(diǎn):每年1月初過近日點(diǎn),公轉(zhuǎn)速度快,太陽照射南半球。
每年7月初過遠(yuǎn)日點(diǎn),公轉(zhuǎn)速度慢,太陽照射北半球。
速度:平均角速度,約每日東進(jìn)10
平均線速度,約30千米/秒
影響:北半球夏半年的時間長于冬半年的時間。
北極點(diǎn)的極晝天數(shù)(186天)比南極點(diǎn)的極晝天數(shù)(179天)長7天。
2、黃赤交角及其影響
啟發(fā)思考:地球直立公轉(zhuǎn)、傾斜公轉(zhuǎn)、橫臥公轉(zhuǎn)時黃道平面、赤道平面的關(guān)系,及太陽直射點(diǎn)的移動范圍。
黃赤交角產(chǎn)生的原因:(1)地球傾斜著圍繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn),傾斜角度為66034′。
(2)地軸在宇宙空間的方向不因季節(jié)而變化。
影響:太陽直射點(diǎn)在南北回歸線間往返移動(以一年為周期)
在各種圖上會畫出黃道、赤道,標(biāo)出黃赤交角和太陽直射點(diǎn)移動路線。(圖略)
*訓(xùn)練1、快速、正確地說出太陽直射點(diǎn)的位置及移動方向
2、極圈緯度與黃赤交角的關(guān)系:900―黃赤交角=極圈緯度
3、二分二至日太陽直射點(diǎn)的位置。
4、想象思考:黃赤交角增大或減小時,太陽直射范圍、極圈范圍、五帶范圍等。
5、在各種變式圖中,判讀二分二至日。
3、公轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的地理意義:
(1)太陽直射點(diǎn)在南北回歸線間往返移動
(2)引起正午太陽高度的周年變化
了解太陽高度、正午太陽高度的概念
正午太陽高度:在太陽直射點(diǎn)為900;在晨昏線上為00
規(guī)律:隨緯度變化規(guī)律:夏至日------H由北回歸線向南北逐級遞減。
冬至日------H由南回歸線向南北逐級遞減。
春秋分日------ H由赤道向南北逐級遞減。
隨季節(jié)變化規(guī)律:
每年夏至日,北回歸線以北的緯度帶H達(dá)最大。南回歸線以南的緯度帶H達(dá)最小值。
每年冬至日,北回歸線以北的緯度帶H達(dá)最小。南回歸線以南的緯度帶H達(dá)最大值。
結(jié)論:H=900-φ±δ(φ為某地的緯度,δ為太陽直射點(diǎn)的緯度,當(dāng)?shù)叵陌肽耆?,冬半年取-)
例題1、計(jì)算南通310N二分二至日的正午太陽高度。
2、計(jì)算10月1日時,澳大利亞悉尼320S的正午太陽高度。
3、設(shè)M(緯度00,300E),N(23026?S,300E)兩地正午太陽分別為Hm和Hn,判斷下列四項(xiàng)中正確的是 ( )
A、Hm和Hn不可能在同一天達(dá)到最小值 (夏至日時,同時達(dá)最小值)
B、每年有某一時刻Hm=Hn (當(dāng)太陽在11034?S時)
C、每年約有9個月Hm>Hn (除太陽在11034?S~23026?S移動時)
D、任何時候都Hm≥Hn (當(dāng)太陽在23026?S時,Hn=900> Hm)
(3)引起晝夜長短的周年變化
分時段分析:
北半球日期
太陽直射點(diǎn)
北半球晝夜長短情況
春分日~秋分日
北半球
晝長夜短,緯度越高,晝越長。
春分日~夏至日
北半球
晝長夜短,且晝漸長,極晝范圍擴(kuò)大。
夏至日
北回歸線
晝最長夜最短,北極圈內(nèi)出現(xiàn)極晝現(xiàn)象。
夏至日~秋分日
北半球
晝長夜短,且晝漸短。
秋分日~春分日
南半球
晝短夜長,緯度越高,晝越短
秋分日~冬至日
南半球
晝短夜長,且晝漸短,極夜范圍擴(kuò)大
冬至日
南回歸線
晝最短夜最長,北極圈內(nèi)出現(xiàn)極夜現(xiàn)象。
冬至日~春分日
南半球
晝短夜長,且晝漸長。
二分日
赤道
全球晝夜平分
*晨昏線上除春秋分日,日出時刻處處不等。
(4)引起四季更替
天文四季:夏季------白晝最長,太陽最高的三個月(5、6、7三月)
冬季------白晝最短,太陽最低的三個月(11、12、1三月)
傳統(tǒng)四季:四立劃分
氣候四季:春(3、4、5)、夏(6、7、8)、秋(9、10、11)、冬(12、1、2)
(5)形成地球五帶:回歸線與極圈劃分五帶。
* 公轉(zhuǎn)地理意義間的相互關(guān)系:
習(xí)題2、讀“2000年1月1日新西蘭地區(qū)太陽光線照射圖”,分析回答:
(1)圖中最先進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)的國家是 ,判斷理由是 。
(2)圖中最早迎來新世紀(jì)曙光的國家是 ,判讀理由是 。
(3)當(dāng)瓦努阿島為2000年1月1日6點(diǎn)15分時(區(qū)時),薩摩亞群島所在時區(qū)的區(qū)時是 年 月 日 點(diǎn) 分。
習(xí)題3、讀某日地球光照圖,回答有關(guān)問題:
(1)此時太陽直射點(diǎn)為 。 (2)A點(diǎn)位于C點(diǎn)的 方向。
(3)這一天B點(diǎn)夜長 小時,D點(diǎn)晝長 小時。
(4)此時H點(diǎn)為 點(diǎn)鐘A點(diǎn)為 點(diǎn)鐘。
(5)曲線F-G-D表示的是 線(晨線、昏線)。
(6)此時全球已有多少范圍進(jìn)入新的一天(一小半,一大半,一半,全部)? 。
習(xí)題4、(1)在同一經(jīng)線上,相等的有_________________________________。
(2)在同一緯線上,相等的有_________________________________。
(3)晨昏線與經(jīng)線圈重合,意味著______________________________。
(4)晨線與西經(jīng)20度重合,意味著_______________________________。
(5)晨昏線與極圈相切,意味著___________________________________。
Ⅱ、地圖和等值線圖
復(fù)習(xí)總要求:
1、判讀各種比例尺的地圖和地形剖面圖;能根據(jù)圖中的有效信息判斷地理事物的特征。
2、學(xué)會判讀各種等值線圖。(包括等高線圖、等溫線圖、等震線圖、等降水量線圖)
一、地圖:(三要素:比例尺、方向、圖例和注記)
1、比例尺:也叫縮尺 公式略
(1)比例尺的大小與地圖的詳略:
在同樣的圖幅上:
比例尺越大,地圖上所表示的實(shí)際范圍越小,但表示的內(nèi)容越詳細(xì),精確度越高。
比例尺越小,則表示的范圍越大,內(nèi)容越簡單,精確度越低。
規(guī)律: 大范圍的地區(qū)多選用較小的比例尺地圖。如世界政區(qū)圖、中國政區(qū)圖等。
小范圍的地區(qū)多選用較大的比例尺地圖。如平面圖、軍事圖、旅游圖等。
(2)比例尺的縮放:
A. 比例尺放大:用原比例尺*放大到的倍數(shù)。
例如將1/10000的比例尺放大1倍,即比例尺放大到2倍,放大后的比例尺是
1/5000,比例尺變大。
B. 比例尺縮。河迷壤*縮小到的倍數(shù)。(分?jǐn)?shù)倍)。
例如將1/50000的比例尺縮小1/4,即比例尺縮小到3/4,縮小后的比例尺應(yīng)為:
3/4*1/50000=1/66500,比例尺縮小。
C. 縮放后圖幅面積的變化:
比例尺放大后的圖幅面積=放大到的倍數(shù)之平方
如將比例尺放大到原圖的2倍,則放大后圖幅面積是原來的4倍。
比例尺縮小后的圖幅面積=縮小到的倍數(shù)之平方
如將比例尺縮小到原圖的1/3,則圖幅面積為原圖的1/9
例題1、將1:10000000的地圖比例尺放大1倍后,下列說法正確的是 ( )
A、新圖比例尺為1:20000000
B、新圖圖幅面積比原圖增加了2倍
C、新圖表示的地理事物比原圖簡略
D、在原圖上淮河的長度為10厘米,在新圖上長20厘米
例題2、按照1:50000000的比例尺,繪制一幅中國政區(qū)圖,圖紙的長度不得小于______
厘米,圖紙的寬度不得小于_______厘米。(10.4厘米 11厘米)
例題3、在1:30000000比例尺的中國地形圖上。用尺子量某條河流的長度為21厘米,這條河流是我國的_________。(長江)
例題4、在比例尺為1:140000000的世界地圖上,量得北京至莫斯科的圖上距離為4.4厘米,兩地的實(shí)地距離是______公里。把原圖放大到2倍后,新圖的比例尺為_________。在放大后的新圖上,北京至莫斯科的圖上距離是________厘米。
(3)垂直比例尺>水平比例尺
2、方向:
(1)在有經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)的地圖上判讀:經(jīng)線指示南北,緯線指示東西。
(2)在有指向標(biāo)的圖上判讀:指向標(biāo)指示北方。
(3)在沒有任何標(biāo)記得圖上判讀:遵循“上北下南,左西右東”。
二、等值線圖:(等高線、等溫線、等壓線、等震線、等降水量線)
等值線的概念:是某地理現(xiàn)象數(shù)值相等的各點(diǎn)的連線。
等值線圖的一些特點(diǎn):等值線上注有數(shù)值,而且數(shù)值間隔是相等的。因此可以根據(jù)等值線的數(shù)值大小、疏密程度、排列方向、形狀變化等,反映出該地理事物變化的緩急、遞變方向及分布特點(diǎn)等。
(一)等高線圖的判讀:
等高線圖的高度注記為“海拔高度”(即某個地點(diǎn)高出海平面的垂直距離,我國的海拔是高出黃海海平面的距離。)
1、判讀規(guī)律:
(1)數(shù)值大。
海拔200米以下,等高線稀疏,廣闊平坦----為平原地形;
海拔500米以下,相對高度小于100米,等高線稀疏,彎折部分較和緩----為丘陵地形;
海拔500米以上,相對高度大于100米,等高線密集,河谷轉(zhuǎn)折呈V字形----為山地地形;
海拔高度大,相對高度小,等高線在邊緣十分密集,而頂部明顯稀疏----為高原地形。
(2)疏密程度:密集------坡度陡;稀疏------坡度緩。
*有時候圖上看不出密集與稀疏時,可根據(jù)坡度=垂直相對高度/水平距離來決定!
例如2000年文科綜合能力測試第1題:(圖略)
如果幾條不同高度的等高線相交在一起---表示陡崖。
(3)形狀特征:
等高線閉合,且數(shù)值從中心向四周逐漸降低----山頂
等高線閉合,且數(shù)值從中心向四周逐漸升高----盆地或洼地
兩個山頂中間的低地,形似馬鞍----為鞍部地形。
如果沒有數(shù)值注記,可根據(jù)示坡線來判斷:(示坡線---為垂直于等高線的短線)
等高線彎曲時,如果凸出部分指向低處----表示山脊
如果凸出部分指向高處----表示山谷 (示意圖如下)
例題2、98年高考題:在等高距為50米的地形圖中,5條等高線重疊于某斷崖處,該斷崖處的相對高度可能為( ) (注:等高距----兩條等高線之間的間隔距離。)
A、180米 B、220米 C、320米 D、280米
2、實(shí)際運(yùn)用:
(1)與氣候結(jié)合:
A、海拔高的地區(qū)應(yīng)考慮氣溫的垂直遞減。0.60C/100m
B、山區(qū)應(yīng)考慮迎風(fēng)坡和背風(fēng)坡。(降水量的差異)
C、盆地不易散熱,又容易引起冷空氣的滯留等。
例題6、分析我國三大火爐(南京、武漢、重慶)、火洲(吐魯番)的成因。
處于長江河谷的背風(fēng)坡 處于吐魯番盆地中
(2)與河流水文結(jié)合:
A. 由山谷的分布,判斷河流的位置及流向。
B. 水庫壩址的選擇:*峽谷地段(水平距離窄,垂直落差大) ;*峽谷上游要有蓄水庫區(qū)。
(3)與地區(qū)規(guī)劃結(jié)合:
A. 建鐵路、公路應(yīng)建在坡度平緩的地區(qū)。翻山時應(yīng)選擇緩坡,并通過鞍部。
B. 港口應(yīng)考慮:避風(fēng)的海灣;避開含沙量大的河流(以免引起航道淤塞)。
C. 平原地區(qū)發(fā)展耕作業(yè),山地、丘陵發(fā)展林業(yè)。
3、地形剖面圖: (用途:表示某條線上的地面起伏和坡度和緩。)
由等高線地形圖為基礎(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)繪而成的,能更直觀地表示地面上沿某一方向地勢的起伏和坡度的陡緩。
畫法:從等高線圖上的剖面線與每條等高線相交的各點(diǎn),分別向下引垂線,按下圖的垂直標(biāo)尺將各點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)繪到相應(yīng)的高度位置上,然后連成平滑的曲線,即得到該剖面線上的地形剖面圖。
比例尺:垂直比例尺>水平比例尺
*各大洲的地形剖面圖要基本掌握
(下列地形剖面圖參見初中第2―3冊)
1. 中國地勢三級階梯地形剖面圖
2. 我國西部沿87030′E的地形剖面圖
3. 美國地形剖面圖
4. 沿00緯線所作的非洲地形剖面圖
5. 沿南緯300某大陸附近地形剖面圖
6. 死海地區(qū)地形剖面圖
(二)等溫線的判讀:
目標(biāo):根據(jù)等溫線的疏密、彎曲情況來判斷氣溫的變化;
根據(jù)氣溫分布的特點(diǎn)來分析影響的因素。
1、判讀規(guī)律:
(1)等溫線數(shù)值:(氣溫?zé)o論一月,還是七月,都是由低緯向兩極遞減。)
數(shù)值自南向北遞增------北半球; 數(shù)值自北向南遞增------南半球。
(2)等溫線疏密:
等溫線密集------氣溫差異大;等溫線稀疏------氣溫差異大。
例1:參考初中第三冊地圖冊P.7,或課本P.44-45
我國一月份等溫線分布密集------冬季我國南北溫差大(漠河最冷平均?>30.60C,海南島160C以上,溫差達(dá)480C。)
分析原因:A、緯度因素:北方冬季太陽高度小,且晝短夜長。
B、冬季風(fēng)因素:寒冷的冬季風(fēng)加劇了北方的嚴(yán)寒。南方由于受重重山地
的阻擋,受冬季風(fēng)影響和降溫的程度遠(yuǎn)比北方小。
一月份00C等溫線為秦嶺---淮河一線,為亞熱帶和溫帶的分界線。
我國七月份等溫線分布稀疏------夏季我國南北溫差不大,且普遍高溫。(漠河160C,海南280C,南北溫差只有120C。)
分析原因:北方雖太陽高度較南方小,但夏季晝長夜短,得到的太陽光熱不比南方少。
夏季最冷出現(xiàn)在青藏高原80C(地形因素)
(3)等溫線的彎曲分布規(guī)律:
等溫線向高緯突出------表明氣溫比同緯高
等溫線向低緯突出------表明氣溫比同緯低 (“高高低低”規(guī)律)
等溫線平直------下墊面性質(zhì)單一。(如南半球400---600處的等溫線較平直,說明海洋 面積大,性質(zhì)均一。)
思考:哪些因素影響等溫線的彎曲分布?(冬夏季節(jié)、海陸狀況、地勢高低、寒暖流)
見下表:
影響因素
比同緯度
地區(qū)氣溫
等溫線
彎曲狀況
影響因素
比同緯度
地區(qū)氣溫
等溫線
彎曲狀況
大陸夏季
氣溫高
向高緯凸出
大陸冬季
氣溫低
向低緯凸出
海洋冬季
氣溫高
向高緯凸出
海洋夏季
氣溫低
向低緯凸出
地勢較低
氣溫高
向高緯凸出
地勢較高
氣溫低
向低緯凸出
暖流經(jīng)過
氣溫高
向高緯凸出
寒流經(jīng)過
氣溫低
向低緯凸出
總結(jié):等溫線彎曲分布規(guī)律------高高、低低規(guī)律
例2、讀非洲赤道以北和以南地區(qū)年平均等溫線分布圖(圖見初中第2冊),分析回答:
(1)等溫線為什么在大陸內(nèi)部向南向北彎曲?
(2)非洲赤道以南的東海岸和西海岸,哪里氣溫高?為什么?
(3)從等溫線值來分析,說明非洲氣溫分布有何特點(diǎn)?
(4)為什么非洲可以用年均等溫線,而其他各大洲卻要用1月或7月等溫線圖來說明氣溫分布特點(diǎn)?
(三)等壓線圖的判讀:(同一海拔高度民主上氣壓水平分布情況)
目標(biāo):(1)根據(jù)等壓線的排列和數(shù)值------氣壓場類型
(高壓、低壓、高壓脊、低壓槽、鞍部)
(2)判斷風(fēng)向
(3)分析天氣變化
1、判讀規(guī)律:
(1)等壓線的排列和數(shù)值:
低壓中心------類似于等高線圖中的盆地(*中心為上升氣流)
高壓中心------類似于等高線圖中的山頂(*中心為下沉氣流)
高壓脊------類似于等高線圖中的山脊(脊線)
低壓槽------類似于等高線圖中的山谷(槽線)
(2)等壓線的疏密程度:(決定風(fēng)力大小)
等壓線的密集------氣壓梯度力大------風(fēng)力大
等壓線的稀疏------氣壓梯度力小------風(fēng)力小
(3)在等壓線圖上判定風(fēng)向(任意點(diǎn))和天氣形勢:
判定風(fēng)向規(guī)律:先明確高低氣壓;其次確定氣壓梯度力的方向;最后根據(jù)南、北半球畫出偏向風(fēng)。
天氣:是指大氣短時間內(nèi)的物質(zhì)狀態(tài),包括氣溫高低、濕度大小、風(fēng)向、氣壓等指標(biāo)。
A、由高緯吹向低緯的風(fēng)------寒冷干燥
B、由低緯吹向高緯的風(fēng)------溫暖濕潤
C、低氣壓過境時,多陰雨天氣;高氣壓過境時,多晴朗天氣。
(四)等降水量線圖的判讀:
把圖上年平均降水量相等的各點(diǎn)連成光滑的曲線。說明年降水量的分布情況
等降水量線基本與海岸線平行,且能顯著的反映經(jīng)度地帶性規(guī)律。
例如:我國年降水量分布圖(見初中地理第三冊),根據(jù)圖中的等降水量線分布情況,可看出我國年降水量的分布特點(diǎn)。 由東南沿海向西北內(nèi)陸逐步減少。
(五)海洋表面平均等鹽度線圖的判讀:
1、世界海洋表面鹽度的分布規(guī)律:由副熱帶海區(qū)分別向兩側(cè)的低緯和高緯遞減。
2、等鹽度線的彎曲分布------暖流、寒流的影響。
暖流經(jīng)過------鹽度增大------等鹽度線向高緯凸出。
寒流經(jīng)過------鹽度減小------等鹽度線向低緯凸出。
(六)等震線的判讀:
等震線上地震裂度處處相等。
第二部分 區(qū)域地理
復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn):
總論:
1、七大洲分界線(注意南美洲、北美洲、拉丁美洲的范圍)
*南極洲是跨經(jīng)度最大、地勢最高的洲。
2、四大洋的位置(被哪些大洲包圍);及大洋中著名的島嶼。
*北冰洋是跨經(jīng)度最大的大洋。
3、世界主要的交通要道及其地位(包括運(yùn)河、海峽)。
亞洲:
1、季風(fēng)氣候顯著
2、日本自然環(huán)境的特點(diǎn);經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展的原因;工業(yè)分布特點(diǎn);主要工業(yè)區(qū)。
3、東南亞的國家;東南亞的熱帶經(jīng)濟(jì)作物;分析新加坡經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的原因;
4、印度的位置;主要物產(chǎn);亞洲耕地最多。
5、中亞的位置;主要物產(chǎn)。
6、分析西亞在世界上的戰(zhàn)略地位;(三洲五海之地、豐富的只有資源)
非洲:
1、東非裂谷帶;氣候類型南北對稱分布。
2、埃及蘇伊士運(yùn)河;長絨棉產(chǎn)量世界第一。
歐洲:
1、海岸線最曲折(挪威峽灣------冰川侵蝕形成);地勢最低。
2、典型的溫帶海洋性氣候和地中海氣候;
3、著名的河流------萊茵河、多瑙河、塞納河、泰唔士河,及其流經(jīng)的主要國家、著名城市、主要工業(yè)區(qū)。
4、熟悉歐洲各分區(qū)主要國家;歐洲聯(lián)盟。
5、英國、法國的相對地理位置;各自主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)特色;英國的老工業(yè)區(qū)和新工業(yè)區(qū)。
6、德國的位置;分析德國魯爾區(qū)工業(yè)發(fā)展的有利條件。
7、了解俄羅斯的鄰國;莫斯科、摩爾曼斯克的位置。
8、了解巴爾干半島上各國的相對位置。
北美洲:
1、北美洲三大地形區(qū);地形對氣候的影響;各地形區(qū)的礦產(chǎn)。
2、五大湖;及其周圍的工業(yè)城市。
3、分析美國東北部工業(yè)發(fā)展的有利條件。
4、分析美國電子工業(yè)中心“硅谷”高速發(fā)展的原因。
5、美國農(nóng)業(yè)帶分布;農(nóng)業(yè)專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的好處。
6、熟悉中美洲、西印度群島的位置。
南美洲:
1、南美洲主要地形區(qū)、氣候類型;安第斯山脈對南美洲氣候的影響。
2、巴西的位置;著名物產(chǎn)。
大洋洲:
1、大洋洲的范圍(注意所屬的南北半球,180度經(jīng)線的位置)。
2、澳大利亞自流井成因;半環(huán)狀氣候類型分布。
3、澳大利亞著名物產(chǎn);堪培拉和悉尼的位置。
南極洲:
1、南極洲輪廓特點(diǎn);外圍大洋位置的判斷。
2、我國中山站、長城站的位置。
3、南極科考的重要意義。(對比分析我國對北極地區(qū)進(jìn)行科學(xué)考察的意義)
一、 總論
1、 大洲分界線(注意南美洲、北美洲、拉丁美洲的范圍)
A、南美洲、北美洲自然分界線;北美洲、拉丁美洲政治分界線。
B、亞非分界線:蘇伊士運(yùn)河
C、亞歐分界線:烏拉爾山、烏拉爾河、高加索山、土耳其海峽。
D、南極洲是跨經(jīng)度最大、地勢最高的洲;歐洲是地勢最低的洲;亞洲是面積最大的洲。
2、四大洋的位置(被哪些大洲包圍);及大洋中著名的島嶼。
A、分別被哪些大洲包圍
B、島嶼:太平洋------夏威夷群島、新西蘭南北二島
太平洋――夏威夷群島、馬來群島、新西蘭南北二島
大西洋------格陵蘭島、冰島
印度洋------科倫坡島、馬達(dá)加斯加
北冰洋是跨經(jīng)度最大的大洋。
3、世界主要的交通要道及其地位(包括運(yùn)河、海峽)。
A、蘇伊士運(yùn)河:通航能力26萬噸;巴拿馬運(yùn)河------通航能力為5―10萬噸。
B、馬六甲海峽、直布羅陀海峽、麥哲倫海峽、非洲南端好望角、曼得海峽、霍爾木茲海峽、土耳其海峽、白令海峽。
4、發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家:
發(fā)達(dá)國家:20多個,主要分布在歐洲、北美、大洋洲、亞洲的日本。
發(fā)展中國家:150多個,絕大部分是亞非拉國家。
二、亞洲
1、季風(fēng)氣候顯著:(熱帶季風(fēng)、亞熱帶季風(fēng)、溫帶季風(fēng)、大陸性季風(fēng)、海洋性季風(fēng))
讀亞洲氣候類型分布,分析季風(fēng)氣候顯著的原因。
2、日本:
(1)自然環(huán)境特點(diǎn):
先熟悉地名:四大島、瀨戶內(nèi)海、日本海、太平洋、關(guān)東平原、東京灣、富士山、北海道漁場。
A、島國,海岸線曲折。------多優(yōu)良港灣。如橫濱(最大港口)、名古屋、大阪、神戶、北九州。
B、3/4為山區(qū);海洋性季風(fēng)氣候(冬季溫暖,夏季涼爽。)------森林覆蓋率世界第一(68%);水力豐富。
C、位于環(huán)太平洋火山地震帶上------多火山、地震。(富士山3776米活火山,1995年阪神地震)
D、礦產(chǎn)貧乏------工業(yè)所需的燃料、原料需大量進(jìn)口。
利用優(yōu)越的海洋運(yùn)輸條件進(jìn)口鐵礦石、石油、煤炭:
鐵礦石------由澳大利亞、巴西、印度進(jìn)口
石 油------中東、東南亞
煤 炭------中國
(2)日本經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的特點(diǎn):
A、高度發(fā)達(dá)的資本主義國家
B、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的有利條件:多港灣、多人力資源優(yōu)勢、較高的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平。不利條件:礦產(chǎn)貧乏、市場狹小。
C、進(jìn)口原料,出口工業(yè)品,大力開拓國家市場。冶金、石化、汽車、造船、電子等工業(yè)是日本的主要工業(yè)部門。
D、日本工業(yè)遵循“接近消費(fèi)市場,接近對外貿(mào)易的海港”布局原則,工業(yè)區(qū)集中分布在太平洋沿岸和瀨戶內(nèi)海沿岸。
四大工業(yè)區(qū):京濱區(qū)、阪神區(qū)、名古屋區(qū)、北九州工業(yè)區(qū)、瀨戶內(nèi)海工業(yè)區(qū)。
3、東南亞:
(1)熟悉東南亞各國的位置
(2)熟悉東南亞的物產(chǎn):天然橡膠、金雞納霜、錫(馬蘭西亞)、石油。------“單一經(jīng)濟(jì)”
A、分析東南亞發(fā)展熱帶經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的有利條件是什么?(濕熱的氣候;肥沃的土壤。)
B、分析東南亞單一經(jīng)濟(jì)的不利影響是什么?(初級產(chǎn)品在國際市場上價格低廉,因而在國家貿(mào)易中處于不利的地位。
(3)新加坡似東南亞新興的工業(yè)國,其發(fā)展的原因是什么?
A、扼馬六甲海峽咽喉位置,且地處東南亞中心,成為東南亞各國相互貿(mào)易的集散地和轉(zhuǎn)口中心。
B、針對資源匱乏,面積小、市場狹小的缺陷,充分利用本國人口多,技術(shù)先進(jìn)的優(yōu)勢,發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易(加工型貿(mào)易)。
C、充分發(fā)揮旅游業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(“世界花園”城市)
新加坡成為“世界花園“城市的原因?
A、熱帶雨林氣候,適宜熱帶樹木、花草的生長。
B、市政規(guī)劃合理:重工業(yè)集中在西部,有污染布局在遠(yuǎn)離市區(qū)的小島上。
C、環(huán)保工作做得深入、細(xì)致。
4、印度的位置
(1)熟悉南亞的位置:
恒河、布拉馬普特拉河、印度河、恒河三角洲、恒河平原、印度河平原、新德里
主要物產(chǎn):煤、鐵、錳、棉花、小麥、水稻、黃麻
(2)獨(dú)特的熱帶季風(fēng)氣候:
一年分三季:
4―5月為熱季(西南季風(fēng)尚未來臨,氣溫很高,降水稀少。)
6―9月為雨季(盛行西南季風(fēng),降水豐沛,常出現(xiàn)洪澇災(zāi)害。)
10―次年3月為涼季(盛行東北季風(fēng),天氣溫暖干燥。)
由于熱季和涼季同屬干季,因此,一年也可分為干季(10―5月)和雨季(6―9月)兩季。
(3)印度耕地面積1.73億公頃,居亞洲第一位,為農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)條件。 但由于降水集中雨季,干季降水稀少,且降水量年際變化大,水旱災(zāi)寒較頻繁,因此發(fā)展水利灌溉對農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)特別重要。
5、中亞
(1)中亞位置的重要性:自古以來是亞歐大陸東西交通的必經(jīng)之地。
中亞深居大陸中心地區(qū),遠(yuǎn)離海洋。
著名的古代“絲綢之路”從中亞南部穿過!敖z綢之路”東起中國西安和渭水流域,向西經(jīng)河西走廊、新疆、阿姆河和錫爾河中上游,直到地中海東岸!敖z綢之路”在歷史上促進(jìn)了歐洲、亞洲和非洲各國與中國的友好往來。
在現(xiàn)代,中國新疆境內(nèi)的鐵路已與哈薩克斯坦的鐵路接軌,從而形成從我國江蘇連運(yùn)港向西橫穿中亞,直到西歐的鐵路線------亞歐第二大陸橋。
(2)中亞是世界重要的棉花產(chǎn)地:烏茲別克斯坦有“白金之國”之稱。(棉花)
中亞主要的出口物資:小麥、棉花、畜產(chǎn)品(細(xì)毛羊、羔羊皮)
6、分析西亞在世界上的戰(zhàn)略地位 (三洲五海之地、豐富的只有資源)
(1)熟悉西亞地圖,掌握主要產(chǎn)油國、海灣、霍爾木茲海峽等。
(2)西亞成為戰(zhàn)略要地的原因:
A、處五海三洲之地,地理位置十分重要。(土耳其海峽、霍爾木茲海峽、蘇伊士運(yùn)河)
B、是世界石油儲量最多、產(chǎn)量最大、出口量最多的地區(qū)。
儲量占世界一半以上,產(chǎn)量占世界1/3,出口量占世界60%。西亞石油主要出口到日本、美國和西歐。
(3)西亞發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)離不開灌溉。(灌溉農(nóng)業(yè))
三、非洲
1. 熟悉一組地名:四大河流、沙漠、幾內(nèi)亞灣、埃及、南非、尼日利亞、開普頓等。
2. 東非大裂谷的成因
成因:屬于地塹構(gòu)造,由板塊張裂作用造成。(或由地質(zhì)作用形成的大斷裂)
3. 非洲的氣候特色:
A、“熱帶大陸”------3/4以上面積處于南北回歸線之間;絕大部分地區(qū)年均溫在200C以上。
B、“干燥大陸”------干旱半干旱面積廣大。
C、氣候類型呈帶狀分布并大致對稱于赤道
*分析氣候類型南北對稱的原因
先看圖,熟悉南北對稱的氣候類型------自然帶。
(1)赤道橫貫中部
(2)地形起伏不大,海岸線較平直。
但赤道附近的東非高原因地勢高,而出現(xiàn)了熱帶草原氣候。(*非洲的熱帶草原面積居世界第一。)
4. 非洲尤其是東非、中非、西非糧食匱乏的原因
(1)人口增長快
人口自然增長率在世界大洲中居首位,約為28‰。(歐洲5‰,中國11.2‰)
1978―1988年十年中,非洲人口增長了34%,糧食只增長了24%。人口增長超過了糧食增長。
(2)農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)落后,產(chǎn)量很低。
因?yàn)椋?u>長期的殖民統(tǒng)治
長期地發(fā)展單一經(jīng)濟(jì)。
原始落后的耕作方式,使自然環(huán)境惡化。
(3)國家政局不安定,影響生產(chǎn)發(fā)展。
5、“富饒的大陸”----黃金和金剛石產(chǎn)量長期以來居世界首位。
尤其是南部非洲區(qū)是世界罕見得礦產(chǎn)富集區(qū),主要有金、鈾、金剛石河多種稀有金屬。
6、埃及:(屬于北非,屬于白非洲)
(1)熟悉地名:開羅、尼羅河(世界最長6600KM)、阿斯旺大壩、蘇伊士運(yùn)河
(2)盛產(chǎn)長絨棉。
條件適宜:A、肥沃的沙性土壤
B、便利的灌溉條件
C、夏季陽光充足,冬季溫暖無霜。
*埃及最大的港口亞歷山大港是著名的棉花市場。
(3)首都:開羅,是非洲最大的城市。附近有舉世聞名的金字塔和獅身人面像。
7. 南非:
(1)開普頓港口:屬于地中海氣候。
(2)黃金之國,其他主要礦產(chǎn)有鈾礦、煤炭等。
四、歐洲
1、海岸線最曲折 多半島、島嶼、海灣。(地名:四大半島、大不列顛島、愛爾蘭島、
冰島、地中海、波羅的海、北海、巴倫支海、挪威海、英吉利海峽。)
使歐洲大陸深受海洋的影響,與同緯亞洲地區(qū)相比,冬季比較溫和,夏季較為涼爽,氣溫年較差較小,降水季節(jié)分配較均勻。
*挪威峽灣------冰川侵蝕形成。
2、面積第六(1000萬平方公里);地勢最低(平原地形為主)。
3、擁有世界上最典型的溫帶海洋性氣候和地中海氣候
(1)分析溫帶海洋性氣候典型的原因?(主要分布在西歐地區(qū))
A. 歐洲大部分地處盛行的西風(fēng)帶 (復(fù)習(xí)有關(guān)氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶的知識)
B. 西部沿岸海域有勢力強(qiáng)盛的北大西洋暖流,直達(dá)北冰洋巴倫支海西部。西風(fēng)吹過暖流上空,將溫暖濕潤的空氣帶入歐洲大陸內(nèi)部,使之溫和多雨。
C. 歐洲海岸曲折,山脈多呈東西向延伸,有利于西風(fēng)和海洋影響的深入。
(2)海洋性氣候的特點(diǎn):
冬季溫和,夏季涼爽,全年有雨,秋冬較多,雨日多,日照少!
由于日照少,不利于農(nóng)作物的生長。 但有利于多汁牧草的生長
(3)分析地中海氣候的成因?(主要分布在南歐地中海一帶)
冬季受西風(fēng)帶控制------溫和多雨 (復(fù)習(xí)有關(guān)氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶移動規(guī)律)
夏季受副熱帶高壓帶控制------炎熱干燥
植被為亞熱帶常綠硬葉林,葉質(zhì)堅(jiān)硬。 盛產(chǎn)油橄欖、檸檬、無花果、柑橘等
4、熟悉歐洲各分區(qū)主要國家
看圖時,注意河流與流經(jīng)的國家,河流與流經(jīng)的城市,河流與流經(jīng)的工業(yè)區(qū)之間的關(guān)系。(著名的河流------萊茵河、多瑙河、塞納河、泰唔士河。)
5、簡介歐洲聯(lián)盟
原稱歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體(歐洲共同市場),簡稱“歐共體”,是歐洲國際性經(jīng)濟(jì)組織,成立于1957年,成員國有愛爾蘭、比利時、丹麥、德國、法國、荷蘭、盧森堡、葡萄牙、西班牙、希臘、意大利和英國等12國。1991年12月,歐共體12國在荷蘭馬斯特里赫簽訂了歐洲聯(lián)盟條約。該條約1993年11月生效,原歐共體改稱歐洲聯(lián)盟。1995年奧地利、芬蘭、瑞典加入歐洲聯(lián)盟。歐洲聯(lián)盟在世界上的地位和作用日益提高,已成為國際上的一支重要經(jīng)濟(jì)力量。
6、德國
1. 熟悉德國的位置;德國1990年10月統(tǒng)一,全稱德意志聯(lián)邦共和國,首都柏林。
2. 分析德國魯爾區(qū)工業(yè)發(fā)展的有利條件。
德國是歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力最強(qiáng)的國家;貿(mào)易額與美國不相上下。
魯爾區(qū)是歐洲和世界著名的工業(yè)區(qū)。
有利條件:
A、煤炭資源豐富(褐煤產(chǎn)量世界第一)
B、地處東歐和西歐、南歐和北歐鐵路交通樞紐,萊茵河流貫全區(qū),水源充
足,航運(yùn)便利。
C、雄厚的科技力量。
工業(yè)部門中以煤炭、鋼鐵、化工有名。
德國的新興工業(yè)正在向南部發(fā)展。如慕尼黑------宇航、飛機(jī)和電子工業(yè)。
7、英國與法國:
1. 英國與法國的相對地理位置:英吉利海峽
2. 比較英國、法國的主要自然特征
英國
法國
首都(流經(jīng)的河流)
倫敦(泰晤士河)
巴黎(塞納河)
最大海港
倫敦
馬賽(地中海岸)
主要工業(yè)區(qū)和工業(yè)中心
英格蘭中部區(qū)、蘇格蘭地區(qū)(電子)、倫敦(新老工業(yè)中心)、伯明翰(鋼鐵)、曼徹斯特(紡織)、阿伯丁(石油)
巴黎盆地(最大的綜合性工業(yè)區(qū))、敦刻爾克、福斯(鋼鐵)
在歐洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
是歐洲最大的石油出口國;海運(yùn)發(fā)達(dá)。
工業(yè)占絕對優(yōu)勢;
農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值和谷物產(chǎn)量僅次于俄羅斯,是歐洲最大的糧食出口國。(出口小麥)
主要特產(chǎn)
葡萄酒(香檳、白蘭地
8、俄羅斯
(1)了解其鄰國;掌握莫斯科、摩爾曼斯克(冬季不凍港,受暖流影響)的位置。
鄰國:芬蘭、愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛、白俄羅斯、烏克蘭、格魯吉亞、阿塞拜疆、哈薩克斯坦、蒙古、中國、朝鮮
(2)重要的地理特色:
A、擁有世界上最大的亞寒帶針葉林帶
B、擁有歐洲最長的河流------伏爾加河。
C、摩爾曼斯克瀕臨北冰洋,位于北極圈以北,終年不凍。
D、西伯利亞是北半球的寒冷中心。
E、以重工業(yè)為主的工業(yè),(核工業(yè)、宇航工業(yè)占絕對優(yōu)勢)。輕工業(yè)不發(fā)達(dá)。農(nóng)業(yè)不穩(wěn)定,谷物需大量進(jìn)口。
F、主要工業(yè)區(qū):莫斯科綜合工業(yè)區(qū)、圣彼得堡(波羅的海沿岸)、烏拉爾工業(yè)區(qū)(鋼鐵、機(jī)械)、新西伯利亞工業(yè)區(qū)(重工業(yè)、軍事)。
G、目前工業(yè)、人口正向?yàn)趵矫}以東遷移。
例題:1999年上海地理高考題:將俄羅斯西北工業(yè)區(qū)和中國珠江三角洲工業(yè)基地的工業(yè)部門以及工業(yè)發(fā)展條件等方面的異同點(diǎn)填入表中。
工業(yè)區(qū)(工業(yè)基地)
俄羅斯西北工業(yè)區(qū)
中國珠江三角洲工業(yè)基地
瀕臨的海域
波羅的海
南海
主要工業(yè)中心
莫斯科、圣彼得堡
廣州、珠海、深圳
主要工業(yè)部門
機(jī)械、化學(xué)、多種輕工業(yè)
以出口為主的多種加工工業(yè)和制造業(yè)
兩地工業(yè)發(fā)展特點(diǎn)及條件的共同點(diǎn) ( AC )
A、屬于加工型工業(yè)區(qū) B、靠近國內(nèi)有色金屬重要礦產(chǎn)區(qū)
C、主要工業(yè)中心是全國重要海港與外貿(mào)中心 D、附近的燃料與原材料價格低
E、著重發(fā)展技術(shù)要求較高的工業(yè)部門
(珠江三角洲主要為家用電器、服裝、食品、玩具制造等勞動密集型工業(yè))
9、巴爾干半島上各國的相對位置。
巴爾干半島被稱為“歐洲火藥桶”。
參見附錄資料:
材料一:科索沃是南斯拉夫聯(lián)盟塞爾維亞共和國的一個自治省,南部與阿爾巴尼亞和馬其頓毗鄰。面積10887平方公里,首府普里什蒂納,人口約200萬,其中90%為阿爾巴尼亞族人,塞族和黑山族人不足10%。科索沃多山,礦產(chǎn)資源豐富。
科索沃曾是中世紀(jì)塞爾維亞王國的政治中心,是塞族歷史和文化的搖籃,那里有眾多塞族人的教堂和修道院。后被奧斯曼土耳其帝國占領(lǐng)近500余年,其間大批塞族人被迫外遷,阿族人乘機(jī)遷入。1912年科索沃地區(qū)并人塞爾維亞版圖,后來成為第-南斯拉夫公國的-部分。二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,科索沃隨塞爾維亞進(jìn)入南斯拉夫社會主義聯(lián)邦共和國,60年代成為南享有較多自治權(quán)利的兩個自治省之-,其自治地位被寫進(jìn)了1974年的憲法。但是,科索沃省阿族人鬧獨(dú)立、試圖建立“大阿爾巴尼亞”的暴力活動始終未停止過。整個80年代和90年代初,科索沃的局勢一直動蕩不安。1989年,塞爾維亞當(dāng)局通過修改憲法,取消了科索沃自治省地位,使科索沃的阿族人大為不滿,民族矛盾進(jìn)一步激化。1992年,在前南斯拉夫解體過程中,阿族人宣布成立“科索沃共和國”,但除阿爾巴尼亞外,“新國家”至今未得到國際社會的承認(rèn)。一些阿族分裂分子還組建了“科索沃解放軍”,試圖通過暴力活動達(dá)到獨(dú)立的目的。
材料二:巴爾干半島諸國地圖!
材料三:科索沃戰(zhàn)爭嚴(yán)重惡化了以美國為首的西方同俄羅斯的關(guān)系。巴爾干是俄羅斯南進(jìn)戰(zhàn)略的主要基地,俄南兩國是歷史盟友。北約打擊南意味著打斷俄在巴爾干的戰(zhàn)略支點(diǎn)。科索沃戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后,俄已決定修改軍事理論,并且準(zhǔn)備重新審議裁軍計(jì)劃。其次,科索沃戰(zhàn)爭使歐洲警醒。法國前國防部長米永4月9日就發(fā)表文章說:“北約1999年春對塞爾維亞民族主義發(fā)動的戰(zhàn)爭可能會成為歐洲覺醒的一個起點(diǎn),它使歐洲意識到如果想要在國際舞臺上特別是在自己所在的大陸上維護(hù)自己的政治存在的話,那它就必須擁有自己的防務(wù)!笨扑魑謶(zhàn)爭之后,越來越多的歐洲國家對美國在北約事務(wù)中“唯我獨(dú)尊,我行我素”的霸權(quán)作風(fēng)表示不滿。雖然美國一直擔(dān)心歐洲防務(wù)特性的發(fā)展可能動搖其對歐洲安全的主導(dǎo)權(quán),甚至還發(fā)出警告:歐洲防務(wù)特性真正形成之日,就是北約名存實(shí)亡之時。但是今年下半年以來歐盟還是加快了建設(shè)共同防務(wù)的步伐。第三,科索沃戰(zhàn)爭也從反面教育了發(fā)展中國家。包括印度、印尼、阿爾及利亞等國在內(nèi)的廣大發(fā)展中國家進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識到:當(dāng)今世界還是一個強(qiáng)權(quán)的世界,為了捍衛(wèi)國家獨(dú)立和主權(quán),民族必須團(tuán)結(jié),國家必須強(qiáng)大。
五、北美洲(自然地理意義)
1、熟悉四組地名:
(1)海洋、海灣、半島、島嶼(太平洋、大西洋、北冰洋、墨西哥灣、拉布拉多半島、阿拉斯加半島、佛羅里達(dá)半島、紐芬蘭島。)
(2)主要地形區(qū)(落基山脈、海岸山脈、大平原、阿巴拉契亞山脈)
(3)河流、湖泊(密西西比河、科羅拉多河、五大湖(美洲大陸地中海)冰蝕形成、尼亞加拉瀑布)
(4)著名城市(華盛頓、紐約、波士頓、費(fèi)城、芝加哥、底特律、匹茲堡、休斯頓、舊金山、洛杉磯、西雅圖、多倫多、渥太華、蒙特利爾、溫哥華)
2、北美洲南北縱列的三大地形區(qū):
(1)分析三大地形區(qū)對氣候產(chǎn)生的影響。
A、西部高大的科迪勒拉山系:(是北美洲大陸重要的氣候分界線。)
使太平洋和西風(fēng)帶的影響難以深入內(nèi)陸。(使北美洲的降水來源主要來自大西洋。)
使山系西部的溫帶海洋性氣候和地中海氣候呈南北延伸分布。
B、中部廣闊的大平原:(西部稱大草原)
冬季,北方寒潮可不受阻礙地南下。夏季,南部暖濕氣候可長驅(qū)北上。
大面積地區(qū)夏熱冬冷,氣溫年較差大。大陸性特征顯著。
C、東部低矮的山地高原:
由于地勢低矮 來自北方的干冷氣流一直影響到東海岸。
夏秋季節(jié),颶風(fēng)常常襲擊東南部。
3、美國:
(1)美國是世界石油產(chǎn)量最大,進(jìn)口最多的國家。
A. 工農(nóng)業(yè)高度發(fā)達(dá),生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)量大。
美國是世界上進(jìn)口小汽車、鋼鐵、石油、紡織品最多的國家;美國農(nóng)業(yè)屬“石油農(nóng)業(yè)”,能源消費(fèi)量大。
B. 人口多,高消費(fèi),高浪費(fèi)。
(2)美國三大工業(yè)區(qū):
*分析美國東北部工業(yè)區(qū)高度發(fā)達(dá)的原因?
A. 東北部是歐洲移民最早遷入的地方,資本主義發(fā)展最早。
B. 礦產(chǎn)資源豐富。如阿巴拉契亞山北部的煤炭,五大湖西部的鐵礦。
C. 大西洋沿岸有許多良港。如紐約、費(fèi)城等。
D. 五大湖水運(yùn)便利。(保證了鐵礦石、煤炭與主要城市高效率的運(yùn)輸聯(lián)系)
E. 平原肥沃,臨近玉米帶、小麥區(qū)、乳畜帶,農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)好。
F. 擁有龐大的市場。(人口稠密、生活水平高,市場潛力巨大,發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)本身就是重工業(yè)產(chǎn)品龐大的消費(fèi)市場。)
G. 東北部地區(qū)是美國數(shù)量技工和科技人員集聚的地方。
東北部主要工業(yè)城市:
紐約------美國最大的工業(yè)中心、港口和金融中心。
芝加哥------美國第二大工業(yè)中心,機(jī)械制造有名。也是國內(nèi)最大的交通樞紐。
底特律------四大汽車城之一。
匹茲堡------著名的“鋼都”。
波士頓和費(fèi)城------是重要的工業(yè)中心。
**小結(jié):一個地區(qū)工業(yè)發(fā)展條件的分析規(guī)律。
a.歷史基礎(chǔ);b.礦產(chǎn)資源;c.交通運(yùn)輸;d.農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ);e.消費(fèi)市場;f.科技力量;g.勞動力。(運(yùn)用以上分析規(guī)律,學(xué)會分析日本、德國、英國工業(yè)發(fā)展的條件。)
*分析美國西部、南部地區(qū)工業(yè)發(fā)展的原因?
西部、南部工業(yè)區(qū)是新興工業(yè)區(qū),工業(yè)發(fā)展速度大大超過東北部工業(yè)區(qū)。
A. 東北部工業(yè)區(qū)已達(dá)飽和狀態(tài),且出現(xiàn)環(huán)境問題。
B. 西部、南部有豐富的石油資源。如南部墨西哥灣沿岸,西部加利福尼亞洲。
C. 西部、南部環(huán)境優(yōu)美,旅游業(yè)發(fā)達(dá),屬于“陽光地帶”。
D. 建立了新興的石油、宇航、電子、飛機(jī)等工業(yè)。
休斯敦------石油化工、宇航工業(yè)。是最大的石化中心和最大空間研究、發(fā)展中心。
舊金山------附近有世界著名的電子工業(yè)中心“硅谷”。
洛杉磯------西部最大的城市、工業(yè)中心和海港。其西北郊有電影業(yè)中心好萊塢。
西雅圖------飛機(jī)制造工業(yè)
*分析美國“硅谷”高速發(fā)展的原因?
美國“硅谷”是高技術(shù)工業(yè)發(fā)展的先驅(qū)和典范。“硅谷”以微電子工業(yè)為主導(dǎo),集中了數(shù)千家電子工業(yè)企業(yè),是美國以至世界電子工業(yè)的中心。微電子工業(yè)是電子工業(yè)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),因而成為高技術(shù)中的最高技術(shù)!肮韫取钡拿恳豁(xiàng)重要發(fā)明,都會影響到全世界電子工業(yè)的發(fā)展。自60年代以來,世界電子工業(yè)更新?lián)Q代的新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新工藝,幾乎都出自“硅谷”。至70年代末,由于“硅谷”的土地被占盡,許多企業(yè)把新工廠建到國內(nèi)的得克薩斯等州,以及東南亞、墨西哥等地,以充分利用這些地區(qū)勞動力、土地、住房都很便宜的優(yōu)勢條件。
“硅谷”現(xiàn)在是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長最快、最富裕的地區(qū)。
刺激“硅谷”迅速崛起的因素主要有以下幾個方面:
A.地理位置優(yōu)越,環(huán)境優(yōu)美。(“硅谷”位于舊金山東南部,背靠海岸山脈,面金山灣。)
B、氣候宜人。
C.有高等院校,智力和科技發(fā)達(dá)。(有斯坦福大學(xué)等)
D.便捷的交通,臨近舊金山航空港,高速公路貫通全境。
E.穩(wěn)定的軍事訂貨量。(美國國防部一直維持著對“硅谷”半導(dǎo)體元件穩(wěn)定的訂貨量, 其訂貨額一度占“硅谷”總產(chǎn)值的40%。)
(3)分析美國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn):
A、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平高,(農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的全過程實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化、電氣化和化學(xué)化。)
是世界上規(guī)模最大、生產(chǎn)率最高的農(nóng)業(yè)國。
B、種植業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)并重。(主要糧食作物有玉米、小麥、水稻、燕麥等,主要經(jīng)濟(jì)作物有棉花(中國、 美國、中亞地區(qū)是世界產(chǎn)量最多的三大棉花生產(chǎn)國)、大豆、甜菜、煙草等,畜牧業(yè)很發(fā)達(dá),以養(yǎng)牛、豬、雞為主。)
C、是世界最大的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口國。(但進(jìn)口熱帶農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)
D、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)行了地域?qū)iT化。
*地域?qū)iT化------指農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中按地區(qū)進(jìn)行的社會分工,即各地區(qū)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀粭l件、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、市場需求及歷史地位,形成一種比較集中的特定農(nóng)業(yè)部門,該部門以大量商品性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品投入到區(qū)際農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的交換中去。
*地域?qū)iT化生產(chǎn)的好處是:a.充分發(fā)揮地區(qū)的環(huán)境和資源優(yōu)勢。b.充分采用先進(jìn)技術(shù),提高生產(chǎn)效率。 缺陷:加劇了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)不平衡的狀況。
*主要的專業(yè)化農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)帶有:(參考地圖)
棉花帶:位于北緯350以南的美國東南部。得克薩斯州是美國棉田面積最大、棉花產(chǎn)量最
多的州。
玉米帶:位于乳畜帶以南廣大低平原地區(qū)。這里也是美國的大豆產(chǎn)區(qū)和重要的肉牛與豬的
飼養(yǎng)區(qū)。
乳畜帶:位于五大湖以南的東北部地區(qū)。(此處熱量不足,土壤不肥沃,不宜發(fā)展種植業(yè)。)
小麥區(qū):位于大平原中部(冬小麥區(qū))和北部地區(qū)(春小麥區(qū))。
混合農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū):
亞熱帶作物帶:以種植柑橘、甘蔗和水稻為主。
畜牧灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū):
4、熟悉中美洲、西印度群島的位置。
了解中美七國的國名;
西印度群島中最大的為古巴島(甘蔗)
六、南美洲
1.熟悉地名:
(1)海洋、海峽、島嶼:加勒比海、麥哲倫海峽、德雷克海峽、火地島
(2)河流:亞馬孫河(世界河流之王)、馬拉開波湖(石油產(chǎn)區(qū))
(3)主要地形區(qū):呈“K”字
安第斯山脈(世界最長)、巴西高原(世界最大)、巴塔哥尼亞高原、亞馬孫平原(世界最大的沖積平原)、拉普拉塔平原、潘帕斯草原
*巴西高原與拉普拉塔平原交界處,多急流瀑布,如著名的伊瓜蘇瀑布。巴西和巴拉圭在伊瓜蘇瀑布以北合作建造了迄今世界上最大的伊泰普水電站。
(4)主要?dú)夂蝾愋停簾釒в炅謿夂?亞馬孫平原)、熱帶草原氣候(巴西高原)、亞熱帶季風(fēng)性濕潤氣候(巴西高原東南部、潘帕斯草原東部)、溫帶大陸性氣候(巴塔哥
高三綜合專題課 西部開發(fā)問題
一.教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)思路:
隨著我國綜合國力的增強(qiáng),黨中央、國務(wù)院提出:實(shí)施西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略,加快中西部地區(qū)的發(fā)展。這是我國社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的一項(xiàng)規(guī)模宏大的系統(tǒng)工程;是實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕、加強(qiáng)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、保持社會穩(wěn)定和邊疆安全的戰(zhàn)略舉措;是擴(kuò)大國內(nèi)有效需求,實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展的重要途徑;也是適應(yīng)世界范圍內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、提高我國國際競爭力的迫切要求。無論是在經(jīng)濟(jì)上還是在政治上,都具有重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義。
全國各地掀起一股開發(fā)西部的熱潮,從而也使西部開發(fā)成為考試的熱點(diǎn),因此把西部開發(fā)作為綜合知識的復(fù)習(xí)專題是有必要的。
本專題以地理學(xué)科知識為主線,聯(lián)系其他學(xué)科相關(guān)內(nèi)容來復(fù)習(xí),共分為三個部分,第一部分:西部地區(qū)的自然地理特征;第二部分:西部地區(qū)的人文地理特征;第三部分:以西部地理特征為主線與其他學(xué)科的綜合知識。
二. 教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1.使學(xué)生概略地了解西部地區(qū)的自然、人文地理特征和生態(tài)環(huán)境特征。
2.使學(xué)生了解西部開發(fā)中的重大方針、政策。
3.初步探索以西部地理特征為主線與其他學(xué)科知識的綜合,通過創(chuàng)新習(xí)題訓(xùn)練,使學(xué)生了解各學(xué)科知識的廣泛性和交叉性,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合分析問題、解決問題的能力,拓展學(xué)生的思維空間。
三。教學(xué)方法:
1.通過多媒體教學(xué),大容量、高速度地復(fù)習(xí)西部地區(qū)的自然、人文地理特征。
2.講練結(jié)合,重在訓(xùn)練。
四.教學(xué)過程設(shè)計(jì):
西 部 地 理 環(huán) 境
西北
青藏高原
西南
范圍
陜、甘、寧、新、
內(nèi)蒙古
青、藏
云、貴、川、渝、桂
地形
塔里木盆地、天山、
準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地、祁連山、
黃土高原、內(nèi)蒙古高原
青藏高原、柴達(dá)木盆地
云貴高原、四川盆地、橫斷山脈
氣候
干旱
(溫帶大陸性氣候)
高寒
(高原山地氣候)
濕潤
(亞熱帶季風(fēng)性氣候)
河湖
多內(nèi)流河、湖
(塔里木河,青海湖)
多大江大河源頭
(三江源:長江、黃河、瀾滄江)
多外流河,水量豐富
(長江、珠江水系)
資源
能源
草場、煤、石油、
天然氣、鐵、有色金屬、鉀鹽、水能、風(fēng)能、
旅游資源
草場、太陽能、地?zé)、旅游資源
森林、水能、煤、鐵、有色金屬、旅游資源
人口
比重23%,密度小,分布不均,多民族聚居
交通
鐵路:包蘭、蘭新、
寶中、北疆,
新建南疆鐵路
以公路為主,
計(jì)劃修建青藏鐵路
(格爾木―拉薩)
鐵路:寶成―成昆、成渝―川黔、貴昆,
新建南昆鐵路
農(nóng)業(yè)
以畜牧業(yè)和灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)為主(河西走廊、河套平原、寧夏平原、新疆綠洲農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū))
高寒牧業(yè)、
種植業(yè)(藏南谷地)
種植業(yè)(四川盆地)
工業(yè)
西安―飛機(jī)制造
蘭州―有色冶金
新疆―石油工業(yè)
包頭―鋼鐵工業(yè)
林芝―毛紡
鋼鐵―重慶、攀枝花
煤炭―貴州六盤水
電力―重慶、貴州、
四川
嚴(yán)峻的
生態(tài)
環(huán)境
荒漠化、草原退化、
水土流失、水資源短缺
草場破壞、
濫捕濫獵野生動物
天然林破壞、
水土流失
西部大開發(fā)――地理學(xué)科與其它學(xué)科的聯(lián)系
地理學(xué)科
與其它學(xué)科的聯(lián)系
物
理
1.西部地勢特點(diǎn)決定了其豐富的水能資源
水能的開發(fā)利用――
水電站的建設(shè):E=mgh(注意單位)
發(fā)電量的計(jì)算:P發(fā)=UI
遠(yuǎn)距離輸電:P損=RI2
2.西北地區(qū)典型的風(fēng)蝕地貌的形成與氣候的關(guān)系
溫差大,物理風(fēng)化作用強(qiáng)(熱脹冷縮)
化
學(xué)
1.西南喀斯特地貌的成因
(溶洞、鐘乳石、石筍、石柱等)
流水(含CO2)對石灰?guī)r的化學(xué)溶蝕作用:
2.石油天然氣是西部地區(qū)重要的能源資源和化工原料
石油天然氣作為能源燃燒和作為化工原料加工過程中的化學(xué)反應(yīng):
生
物
1.西北地區(qū)以溫帶大陸性氣候?yàn)橹,氣溫的年、日較差都大 ,降水稀少――決定了農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量和含糖量都高
生物的光合作用和呼吸作用分別是合成有機(jī)物和消耗有機(jī)物的過程,白天日照強(qiáng),光合作用也較強(qiáng);夜晚則相反
光合作用:
呼吸作用:
2.西部生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱,在開發(fā)過程中的環(huán)保問題、自然保護(hù)區(qū)的建立、天然林保護(hù)以及林業(yè)生態(tài)工程
生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、生態(tài)平衡等知識與地理學(xué)科的交叉
政
治
1.在開發(fā)西部能源的過程中,既要注意經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,又要注意生態(tài)和社會效益,走出一條可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路
哲學(xué)原理:普遍聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)
一切從實(shí)際出發(fā)
發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)
2.正確認(rèn)識西部大開發(fā),跳出資源依托型發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,走市場導(dǎo)向型發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理:市場調(diào)節(jié)與宏觀調(diào)控相結(jié)合
市場調(diào)節(jié)是基礎(chǔ)
歷
史
1.目前西部大開發(fā)與歷史上西部地區(qū)的發(fā)展
國家對西部地區(qū)的開發(fā)經(jīng)歷三個階段:
50年代―屯墾戍邊
60-70年代―“大三線”建設(shè)
80年代以來―改革開放加大了對西部的支持力度
2.西北地理環(huán)境的變遷對人類文明的影響
著名的樓蘭、尼雅文明的覆滅對西部大開發(fā)的啟示
3.西部邊疆和平問題
西部地區(qū)遭受列強(qiáng)入侵的歷史:
19世紀(jì)中期―法國以越南為跳板入侵云南、廣西等地
19世紀(jì)70年代―俄國侵占伊犁,英軍入侵西藏南部
西部大開發(fā)相關(guān)的重大方針政策
一. 正確處理東部和中西部的關(guān)系,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展
1.在東部地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展到一定程度后,是實(shí)現(xiàn)鄧小平同志“兩個大局”戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想的重要舉措。
2.西部地區(qū)要借鑒東部地區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),引進(jìn)和利用東部地區(qū)的資金和技術(shù),加快發(fā)展,縮小與東部地區(qū)的差距。
3.中部地區(qū)要承東接西,發(fā)揮地區(qū)優(yōu)勢爭取自身的較快發(fā)展。
4.東部地區(qū)要抓住實(shí)施西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的機(jī)遇,提升產(chǎn)業(yè)層次,使經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展邁上新臺階。
二. 加快基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),為西部大開發(fā)打好基礎(chǔ)
1.水利設(shè)施建設(shè):節(jié)水、防洪、蓄水、調(diào)水。
2.交通運(yùn)輸建設(shè): 以公路建設(shè)為重點(diǎn),全面加強(qiáng)鐵路、機(jī)場和天然氣管道干線建設(shè),形成全國性的綜合運(yùn)輸體系。
3.加快電網(wǎng)、通信和廣播電視等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。
三. 搞好生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)和保護(hù),努力實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展
1.改善生態(tài)環(huán)境,是西部地區(qū)開發(fā)和建設(shè)必須首先研究和解決的一個重大課題。
(1)全國水土流失面積360萬平方公里,西部占80%。
(2)全國每年新增荒漠化面積約2400萬平方公里,西部占95%。
(3)每年因上游水土流失,進(jìn)入長江和黃河的泥沙量達(dá)20多億噸。
2.采取“退耕還林(草),封山綠化,以糧代賑,個體承包”政策。
(1)國家向農(nóng)民無償提供糧食和種苗。
(2)實(shí)行個體承包。
3.堅(jiān)持“全面規(guī)劃、分部實(shí)施、重點(diǎn)突出、先易后難、穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)”的原則。
4.搞好規(guī)劃和試點(diǎn)示范。
四. 依靠科技進(jìn)步,提高勞動者素質(zhì)
1.加快科技成果推廣應(yīng)用。
2.確保教育優(yōu)先發(fā)展。
3.加強(qiáng)人才利用、引進(jìn)和培養(yǎng)。
五. 西部大開發(fā)要有新思路和新辦法
1.充分發(fā)揮市場機(jī)制作用。
2.運(yùn)用新思路編制好專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃。
3.積極探索適應(yīng)新形勢的投融資辦法。
4.因地制宜發(fā)展特色經(jīng)濟(jì)。
(1)大力發(fā)展特色農(nóng)業(yè)(生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)、節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)―西北地區(qū)
“種植、養(yǎng)殖、沼氣”三位一體農(nóng)業(yè)―西南地區(qū))。
(2)要把旅游業(yè)培育成為西部經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)(美麗多姿的自然風(fēng)光,豐富多彩的民族風(fēng)情,聞名遐邇的文化古跡等)。。
5.以全方位開放促開發(fā)。
綜 合 練 習(xí)
陽光照射圖類型及解題技巧
一、日照圖的類型
(一) 地球側(cè)視圖(二分日,二至日)
1、 晝半球在縱切面上的投影
2、 夜半球在縱切面上的投影
3、 把晝半球、夜半球平分在縱切面的投影
4、 4、晝半球、夜半球不等量切開在縱剖面上的投影
(二)、極地俯視圖
1、 北半球在赤道平面上的投影圖
2、 南半球在赤道平面上的投影圖
3、 南半球或北半球的一部分在赤道平面上的投影圖
(三)、矩形投影圖
1、 全球圖
2、 半球圖
3、 局部圖
高一英語新教材備課資料
ON TEACHERS’ BOOK (1A) AND TEACHING TECHNIQUES
OUTLINES
OVERVIEW
TASK-BASED TEACHING/LEARNING
TEACHING ACTIVITIES
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT
TEACHING MATERIALS
OVERVIEW
Each unit is consisted of three parts
Teaching aims and demands
Suggested teaching notes
Supplementary reference materials
Teaching aims and demands
Topics
Understanding of the title and some goals
Example 1 (Unit One)
Title: Good friends
Goals:  Talk about friends
 Learn to make apologies
 Write an e-mail
Topics:  Talk about friends and friendship
 Discuss problems occurring in a friendship and
suggest solutions
 Write an e-mail to make an e-pal
Teaching aims and demands
Example 2 (Unit Twelve)
Title: Art and literature
Goals:  Talk about art and literature
 Review making decisions and giving opinions
 Review the Attributive Clause
Topics:  Talk about art and literature
 Talk about artists, painters and writers
 Tell stories
 Make decision and give opinions
Teaching aims and demands
Function items
Understanding of Listening and/or Speaking
Example 1 (Unit One)
Listening:
Some friends discuss common problems that occur in a friendship.
Speaking:
Some students talk about likes and dislikes.
Function items:
 Likes and dislikes
 Making apologies
Teaching aims and demands
Example 2 (Unit Two)
Speaking:
The speaking exercise gives students the opportunity to practise
communication skills that help them keep conversation going that may otherwise
breaks down.
Function items:
 Language difficulties in communication
--- Can you spell that, please?
--- Could you repeat that, please?
--- What do you mean by … ?
…
Teaching aims and demands
Vocabulary
Based on texts
 New words (371 +176)
 New expressions (77)
Teaching aims and demands
Grammar
Bases on Grammar
Functional description with grammar terms followed by one or two examples
Example 1 (Unit One)
直接引語和間接引語(1)
 轉(zhuǎn)述他人的敘述----陳述句
 轉(zhuǎn)述他人的疑惑----一般疑問句
 轉(zhuǎn)述他人的問題----特殊疑問句
Teaching aims and demands
Example 2 (Unit Nine)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時被動語態(tài)
 用英語描述事物正受到某種影響或某種處理----使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變動語態(tài)(is
/ are being + 過去分詞)
 用英語描述人物正受到某種影響或某種處理----使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變動語態(tài)(is
/ am / are being + 過去分詞)
Suggested teaching notes
教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析
總體分析
包括中心話題、相關(guān)話題和語言
單項(xiàng)分析
包括內(nèi)容介紹、目的分析
example
Suggested teaching notes
教學(xué)方法建議
Core task
Warming up
Listening
Speaking
Pre-reading
Reading
Post-reading
Language study (word & Grammar)
Integrating skills
Suggested teaching notes
Core Tasks
Based on topics/themes
Structured
Authentic
Example 1 (Unit One)
Work out standards of good friends
Introduce your good friend
Write an e-mail to find a e-pal
Make friends with your new classmates, roommates, teammates, close neighbour or others
Suggested teaching notes
Example 2 (Unite Three)
Plan a trip (especially, during National Day)
Work out some tips the trip
Design an eco-travel for the local tourism
Travel on holiday and write postcards or travel notes
Suggested teaching notes
Warming up
Keep Warming up in mind
Stimulating
Brainstorming
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Suggested teaching notes
Listening
Step by step (in two aspects)
(1) in skills----planned
In Book 1A, we should help students concentrate their mind while listening, and
then remember what they hear
(2) in procedure----programmed
Pre-listening (warming up)
Listening (with purpose)
Post-listening (extension)
Suggested teaching notes
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Nine)
Suggested teaching notes
Speaking
MMC drill/practice pattern. In TB, more attention is paid on C
Enough time
The whole class (single, pair, group, class work, etc)
Situation
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Two)
Suggested teaching notes
Pre-reading
Warming up in background
Semi-control and/or un-control
Open-end
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Two)
Suggested teaching notes
Reading
Step by step (in skills)
In Book 1A, we should help students in skimming, scanning, guessing and summing
up, etc.
Level by level (in internalization)
Surface meaning
Deep meaning
For pleasure
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Seven)
Suggested teaching notes
Post-reading
Deepening comprehension of topics
Extension
All kinds of activities
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Three)
Suggested teaching notes
Language study
Word study
understanding the meaning in context, and by suffix and prefix
Lexical chunk
Grammar
Discovering
MMC
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Suggested teaching notes
Integrating skills
Reading
As extensive reading material
As sample for writing
Writing
Step by step
Criteria for writing and evaluating
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Suggested teaching notes
教學(xué)評價建議
Self-assessment
Based on goals
Peer assessment
Mainly about students’ learning itself
Self-testing
Focusing on form, including words and grammar
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Supplementary reference materials
Supplementary notes
For teachers, but not for students
Background
For teachers
TASK-BASED TEACHING/LEARNING
Focus on form   Focus on meaning
Non-communicative learning
Pre-communicative language practice
Communicative language practice
Structured communication
Authentic communication
TEACHING ACTIVITIES
Step by step (procedure)
Pre-activities
Warm up in form and meaning
Break any chain
Activities
Control, semi-control, un-control (MMC)
Surface structure and deep structure and others
Post-activities
Consolidation
Extension
Development
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Working form
Single work
Pair work
Group work
Class work
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Interaction form
Teacher-student interaction
Student-student interaction
Student-teacher interaction
ASSESSMENT
Checklist
System
Self-assessment
Peer assessment
Teacher’s assessment
TEACHING MATERIALS
Textbook
Extended materials
Understanding of materials
The world around
科目 英語
年級 高二
文件 high2 unit18.doc
標(biāo)題 Mainly Revision
章節(jié) 第十八單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高二英語第十八單元
內(nèi)容
一、教學(xué)目的和要求:
1.單詞和詞組:
fly(n.) L.69四會
in order that shout at L.71
waiter lay the table by accident L.69三會
cigar announcement track truth book(v.) charge L.70
extremely determine stupid permit prison couple L.71
Hank Stram Tina Max carrige in common L.70二會
get in touch with absence Frankfort Bonn turn up on one’s own
rush hour brake cyclist rude L.71
2.復(fù)習(xí)日常交際用語(Unit13―Unit17)
3.語法:復(fù)習(xí)第十三單元至第十七單元的語法項(xiàng)目
a)名詞從句 Noun Clause(as an attribute)
b)定語從句 Attributive clauses(by/in which)
c)過去分詞 Past participle(as an attribute, adverbial)
d)省略句 Ellipsis
e)名詞從句 Noun Clauses(as Appositive)
二、重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
L.69
1.There are thousands of jokes in English which have a “play on words”.
在英語里,有數(shù)以千計(jì)的“雙關(guān)語”的笑話。
句中的play on words意為“俏皮話”,“雙關(guān)語”,“文字游戲”。即利用英語音異義或一詞多義的現(xiàn)象構(gòu)成含義詼諧的語義雙關(guān)的詞語。這一詞組也可以作動詞短語,作“說俏皮話”,“做文字游戲”解。本課中的小對話就是例子。
例如:Customer:What’s this?
Waiter:It’s bean soup.
Customer:I don’t want to know what it’s been; I want to know what it is now.
顧客說的最后一句俏皮話,就是通過“bean”和“been”這二個同音異義的詞表現(xiàn)出來的。因?yàn)椤癐t’s bean soup”和“It’s been soup”聽起來是一樣的,實(shí)際上前句的句意為“這是豆湯”,而后句的句意則為“這原來是湯”。
2.Customer:What’s wrong with these eggs?
Waiter:Don’t ask me. sir, I only lay the table.
這段對話的意思是顧客向服務(wù)員提意見問道:“這些雞蛋怎么了?”(也許味道不對,也許是壞雞蛋)。而服務(wù)員卻回答說:“別問我這個,(我也不知道怎么回事),我只是擺了桌了”。這一笑話的關(guān)鍵詞是動詞lay,這是個多意詞,lay eggs是(雞、鴨)生蛋的意思,而lay the table是擺桌子準(zhǔn)備用餐的意思。
另外在交際用語中,表示“……怎么了”有多種方法,例如:“你怎么了”可以有以下幾種:
What has happened to you?
What’s the trouble with you?
What’s wrong with you?
3.…Quite by accident. 純屬偶然。
“by accident”意為“碰巧”,“偶然地”,“意外地”,“非有意的”,類似的詞組還有by chance,相當(dāng)于accidentaly,例如:
I met her quite by accident/chance. 我遇到她完全是偶然的。
He failed the exam by accident. 他考試沒通過純屬偶然。
L.70
1.Hank Stram was on vocation travelling through Europe by train with his two children.
漢克斯特拉姆正在與他的兩個孩子乘火車作穿越歐洲的旅行。
句中的on vocation意思是“正在度假”,另外還可以用on holiday表示“正在度假”。除此之外,on還可以構(gòu)成一些習(xí)語,如:
on business出差 on purpose有意
Our manager is away on holiday this week. 我們的經(jīng)理本周休假。
He’s gone to Canada on business. 他去加拿大出差了。
The family are on holiday in France. 這一家人在法國度假呢!
2.He bought a coffee and as the train was travelling fast and moving from side to side, he decided to drink it there and not to carry it back to his seat.
他買了份咖啡。由于火車跑得快,左右搖晃,因此他決定在餐車?yán)锖鹊羲,而不帶回到座位上去?/p>
a)句中的get a coffee意為“拿/買一份咖啡”。coffee作為物質(zhì)名詞時是不可數(shù)名詞,例如:Latin American countries export coffee. 拉丁美洲國家出口咖啡。
如果指“一份咖啡”或“一杯咖啡”時,常用a coffee或a cup of coffee來表示。
b)from side to side的意思是:“晃來晃去”。句中的from…to…還可以組成很多詞組,例如:
from time to time有時 from morning to (till) night從早到晚
from beginning to end自始至終 from head to foot從頭到腳
from bad to worse每況愈下
In order to buy her husband a birthday present, she went to from shop to shop.
為了給她的丈夫買生日禮物,她轉(zhuǎn)了一家又一家商店。
3.They found that they had a / of in common and get on well.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們有許多共同之處而且相處得也很好。
a)句中的in common作“(和……)有共同之處”,“共用”解,例如:
Real friends should have everything in common. 真正的朋友應(yīng)該是共享一切。
The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the neighborhood.
這個居民區(qū)所有的兒童共用這個游泳池。
另外,in common與介詞with連用時,意思是“和……一樣”。例如:
In common with many boys, he likes playing football. 和許多男孩子一樣,他喜歡踢足球。
In common with you, he kept his mouth shut at the meeting yesterday.
他和你一樣,在昨天的會上一音不發(fā)。
b)句中g(shù)et on well為動詞短語,作“(同……)相處得好”解,也可作“在……方面進(jìn)展不錯”解,與get along意思相近。例如:
How are you getting on with your classmates? 你和同學(xué)們相處得如何?
I’m getting on well in my new job. 我的工作情況進(jìn)展不錯。
We got on together like old friends. 我們相處得像與朋友一樣。
4.Finally Hank and his friend gave each other their addresses and promised to get in touch again with each other when they both returned to the States.
最后,漢克和他的朋友互換了地址,并且保證回到美國后和對方聯(lián)系。
句中的to get in touch with…是一個動作性動詞詞組,意思為“與……進(jìn)行接觸”,“和……取得聯(lián)系”。如果表示狀態(tài),則用詞組keep in touch with…,意思是“和……保持聯(lián)系”。例如:
She was anxious to get in touch with you. 她渴望和你取得聯(lián)系。
I’ve been trying to get in touch with you all afternoon. 我整個下午都在和你聯(lián)系。
Have you kept in touch with him? 你仍和他保持聯(lián)系嗎?
For six months, the astronauts have kept in touch with the research centre on the earth by radio.
六個月來,宇航員們一直用無線電與地面上的研究中心保持聯(lián)系。
*lose touch with…是“和……失去聯(lián)系”的意思。例如:
I used to see him quite often but we have lost touch.
我以前?匆娝,但現(xiàn)在我們相互失去了聯(lián)系。
I don’t want to lose touch with you. 我不想和你失去聯(lián)系。
5.He had gone through six carriges when he found he could go no further.
他走過了六節(jié)車廂,突然發(fā)現(xiàn)再也走不通了。
a)go through在句中的意思是“穿過”,這是一個十分活躍的動詞短語,還可以作“審閱”,“檢查”,“用完”,“經(jīng)歷(困難、痛苦等)”解。例如:
It’s quite dangerous to go through a forest alone. 一個人穿越森林是相當(dāng)危險的。
They went through our luggages at the customs. 他們在海關(guān)檢查了我們的行李。
Our tearchers are going through our papers in their office. 我們的老師正在辦公室閱卷。
I went through all the money my parents gave me. 我花光了父母給我的錢。
My grandparents went through a lot during the war.
我的祖父母在戰(zhàn)爭期間經(jīng)歷了許多艱難痛苦。
b)注意when的用法。在此句中when意為“突然發(fā)生某事”,常?勺g為“……正在……突然……”,這是when的固定句型及表達(dá)法,不可以用其它連詞替代。例如:
I was just coming to see you when I ran into him. 我打算來看望你,突然又碰到他了。
I was about to leave when it began to rain. 我正準(zhǔn)備離開突然下雨了。
c)句中的could go no further與could not go any further同義。例如:
I have visited the city no more since last summer.
I have not visited the city any more since last summer.
從去年夏天起,我再也沒去過那個城市。
6.I’m going to see what Dad is up to. 我要去看看爸爸怎么了。
be up to是一個多義詞組,需要根據(jù)上下文去理解。它可作“(打算)做……”,“(覺得)有條件做……”,“由(某人)決定……”解。例如:
They are very quiet. I wonder what they are up to there.
他們非常安靜,真不知他們在那干什么呢。
Is she up to such an important job? 她能勝任如此重要的工作嗎?
Whether he will take it or not is up to you. 他是否接受這個就看你的了。
It’s up to us to give them all the help we can. 應(yīng)由我們來決定是否能盡我們所能地去幫助他們。
What have you been up to lately? 你近來在忙什么呢?
7.Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee. 兩個小時端杯咖啡是夠長的了。
a)復(fù)數(shù)名詞作為一個整體看待時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
Twenty dollars is too much for a child to spend a week.
一個星期花消20美元對小孩子來說多了點(diǎn)。
Three hours is not enough for them to complete the task.
對他們來說三個小時完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)是不夠的。
b)句中的take over作“拿過來”解,另外還可以作“接替(職務(wù))”,“接管”解。例如:
I’ll take over his job while he is on holiday. 他度假時我將接替他的工作。
This large company has taken over many small ones. 這家大公司接管了許多小公司。
Was it in 1948 that the Government took over the railways in Britain?
大不列顛政府是在1948年接管鐵路的嗎?
8.She had gone through just a few carriages before she found herself at the front of the train.
她只走了幾節(jié)車廂就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)來到列車的前部。
這里請注意句中連詞before的譯法,在此before作“(不多久)就……”解。例如:
He didn’t wait long before his father came back. 沒等多久他爸爸就回來了。
It wasn’t long before he told us about the affair. 沒多久他就把這事告訴了我們。
before在作連詞用時,還可以作“……(之后)才……”解。例如:
It was a long time before I got to sleep again. 過了很長時間我才又入睡。
It was evening before we reached the little town. 天黑了我們才到達(dá)那小城。
It will be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我們才會再想見。
9.The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.
他留下話,你們應(yīng)去那家旅館,房間也已經(jīng)給你們定好了。
a)句中的be to do sth.常常表示“應(yīng)該做某事”或“按計(jì)劃將做某事”,這是表示將來時間的一種結(jié)構(gòu),用于第二人稱時,常含有轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)別人指示的意思。例如:
you’re to go to the teachers’ office after school. 放學(xué)后你要去老師辦公室。
We are to wait for her at the school gate. 我們要在校門口等她。
They’re to begin their experiment next week. 他們計(jì)劃下周開始他們的試驗(yàn)。
另外,這一結(jié)構(gòu)用于第三人稱時,通常表示命令或指示,例如:
“The room is to be locked”. The manager said. 經(jīng)理說,“這個房間要上鎖”。
She’s to be back before ten. 她必須在十點(diǎn)以前回來。
b)此句中的book一詞作動詞用,意思為“訂(票,房間,座位等)”。例如:
He had booked two seats on the plane from New York to London.
他已經(jīng)預(yù)定了二張由紐約飛往倫敦的機(jī)票。
I believe it’s terribly crowded, so you’d have to book seats now.
我認(rèn)為一定十分擁擠,你最好現(xiàn)在就預(yù)定座位。
與book構(gòu)成的短語有:
book down登記,記帳 book in簽到 book up訂(車票,住處等)
10.The hotel paid the taxi driver and put the charge on their hotel bill.
旅館給出租汽車司機(jī)付了款,并將費(fèi)用記在他們的旅館帳單上。
句中的charge是個多義詞,在這里作“費(fèi)用”解,除此之外,還可以作動詞用,作“收(費(fèi))”,“索(價)”,“控告”,“指責(zé)”等解。例如:
What is the charge for a room? 租住一個房間的費(fèi)用是多少?
There is no charge for the exhibition. 這個展覽不收費(fèi)(免費(fèi))。
How much do you charge for a haircut? 理個發(fā)要多少錢?
We don’t charge anything for this? 我們對此不收費(fèi)。
Please charge these to my account. 請把這些記在我的帳上。
He was charged with stealing. 他被指控犯了偷竊罪。
L.71
1.But the hardest part was the interview. 但是最難的一關(guān)是面試。
句中的interview是名詞,作“接見”,“會見”解,另外還可以作及物動詞用。例如:
In the morning, I had three interviews. 早上我有三次會。
He refused to give any interviews to newspaper reporters. 他拒絕一切新聞記者的采訪。
The film star interviewed the journalist one by one. 這位影星會見一個又一個的記者。
The manager said it was time to interview the staff members in his company.
經(jīng)理說是該接見公司職員的時候了。
2.A yellow car passed me and suddenly stopped, as there was another car coming in the other direction.
一輛黃色的小汽車從我身邊開過并且突然停了下來,因?yàn)閷γ嬲糜幸惠v車開過來了。
在英語中,表示動作的方向多用介詞to或toward(s),但如果用名詞direction時,則用介詞in,構(gòu)成in…direction,意為“朝……方向”。例如:
In which direction does the river run? 這條河流向何方?
She hurried away in the opposite direction. 她匆匆忙忙地朝相反的方向走去。
The ship was sailing in the direction of Dalian. 輪船朝大連方向駛?cè)ァ?/p>
3.I had to brake hard and I hit another cyclist. 我只好急剎車,撞到了另一位騎車人。
brake一詞既可以作名詞用也可以作動詞,在此是作動詞用的。例如:
The driver braked hard as the child ran onto the road in front of him.
那孩子跑到汽車前面的路上,司機(jī)猛踩剎車。(作動詞用)
His brakes failed on a steep hill. 他的車閘在陡峭的山路上失靈了。(作名詞用)
4.I cycled as fast as I could and saw that the driver in the yellow car was waiting at the red light.
我以最快的速度騎過去,看到黃轎車?yán)锏乃緳C(jī)正在紅燈的地方等著。
The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could.
面試進(jìn)行得很順利。我把我的經(jīng)歷告訴了公司,并且盡可能老老實(shí)實(shí)地回答了他們的問題。
在這兩句中,均有由as…as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。“as+adv.+as+Subject+can/could”這一結(jié)構(gòu)?梢杂谩癮s+adv.+as+possible”來代替,作“盡可能”,“盡量”解。例如:
I shall come to see you as often as I can (as often as possible)
我盡可能地經(jīng)常過來看望你。
Please get them to finish it it as quick as possible. 請讓他們盡快地完成這項(xiàng)工作。
5.I was still so angry I was determined to tell him what I thought of him.
我很生氣,決心把我對他的看法告訴他。
a)此句是由so…(that)的句型引導(dǎo)出來表示結(jié)果的狀語從句,其中的that省去了?谡Z常?梢允÷。
b)(be) determine(d) to do sth.與make up one’s mind基本同義。例如:
He determined (was determined) to go there first. 他決定先去那兒。
I was determined not to follow his advice. 我下定決心不采納他的建議。
Have they determined where the new school will be built?
他們決定在什么地方建新學(xué)校了嗎?
6.I told him that he had knocked two people off their bicycles and had nearly caused a bad accident. 我告訴他他把兩個人撞下了自行車,并且差一點(diǎn)兒造成一場事故。
a)此句中的knock off作“將……撞離……”解。例如:
He was so angry that he knocked all the books off the table.
他十分生氣并將桌子上的書全都摔到了地上。
除此之外,knock off還作“停止工作”,“減(價)”,“扣掉”解。例如:
What time do you knock off? 你什么時候下班?
We have done enough for today. I think we’ll knock off.
我認(rèn)為我們今天干得夠多了,就到這兒吧。
I’ll knock you five pounds off if you buy two. 如果你買兩個,我就給你減掉五英磅。
knock是一個比較活躍的動詞,可以和許多介詞、副詞構(gòu)成詞組。如:
knock sb. down將某人打倒在地 knock at/on the door敲門 knock into sb.撞在某人身上
b)句中的cause作動詞用,意為“引起”,“造成”。例如:
I hope you’ll forget all the unhappiness I’ve caused you.
希望你能忘記一切由我而引起的不愉快。
What caused his illness? 什么使他生病了?
The situation caused the serious concern to the Government.
當(dāng)前的形勢引起了政府的關(guān)注。
cause作名詞用時,意為“起因”,“根源”,“理由(不可數(shù))”。例如:
The cause of the fire was a cigarette end. 這場火災(zāi)的起因是煙頭。
There is no cause for complaint. 沒有什么可以抱怨的理由。
7.I seem to remember that the last time we met I did most of talking, so perhaps I should let you do the talking this time.
我似乎記得我們上次見面時,主要談話的是我。因此這次也許該讓你來講話了。
句中的the last time引導(dǎo)出了一個狀語從句。在英語中,一些名詞詞組可以充當(dāng)連詞,引導(dǎo)狀語從句。例如:
The moment he spoke, we recognized his voice. 他一說話,我們就聽出他的聲音了。
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次進(jìn)來時請關(guān)上門。
Don’t look up new words each time you meet them. 不要一遇到生單詞就查字典。
8.I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. 我很高興,經(jīng)理決定不因我曾經(jīng)粗暴無理而生我的氣。
句中由for having been so rude引導(dǎo)的短語作狀語,說明angry的原因。由于動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前,也就是說粗魯?shù)男袨榘l(fā)生在經(jīng)理之前,因此用完成形式having been來表示。例如:
He was sentenced to death for having killed a man.
他因?yàn)闅⒘巳硕慌辛怂佬獭?/p>
He felt sorry for having wasted so much time.
他因過去浪費(fèi)了太多的時間而感到遺憾。
She forgot having been taken abroad when she was a child.
她忘記當(dāng)她還是個小孩子時曾去過國外。
三、同步測試
Ⅰ.選擇最佳答案:
1.Here is my card. Let’s keep in .
A.relation B.touch C.connection D.friendship
2.I dislike the way he treats his students.
A.which B.by which C./ D.on which
3.They are boys that they can’t do the work well.
A.so small B.so little C.such few D.such little
4.My father often asks how I at school with my classmates.
A.get on B.get down C.get off D.get up
5.―How long has this bookshop been in business?
― 1992.
A.After B.From C.Since D.In
6.―Why does Tod look so unhappy?
―He seems to .
A.to being scolded B.being scolded
C.to have scolded D.to have been scolded
7.It’s useless only about it.
A.talk B.talking C.talked D.to be talked
8.I still remember the many times he saved the wounded soldiers on the battle field.
A.where B./ C.in which D.which
9.Who is it up whether to start the experiment or not?
A.to deciding B.to decide C.to to decide D.for to decide
10.When people talk about the cities of Japan, the first comes into mind is Tokyo.
A.of which B.that C.city D.one
11.The two words have something with each other.
A.in difference B.in ordinary C.in common D.in same
12.Can you lend me the book the other day?
A.a(chǎn)bout that you talked B.you talked about
C.which you talked D.that you talked
13.She hasn’t got enough to buy the computer.
A.that B.which C.for which D.with which
14.We think it important college students should master at least on foreign language.
A.that B.what C.whether D.what
15. I will accept the gift is none of your business.
A.What B.Whether C.If D.Which
16.He was born in Nanjing but studied in Beijing .
A.So did I B.So I did C.So was I D.So it is with me
17.What’s the for her anger? She’s usually not easy to get angry.
A.reason B.fact C.cause D.wrong
18.I was about to leave the telephone rang.
A.a(chǎn)fter B.while C.when D.before
19.The woman looks worried. She seems something.
A.having lost B.to be losing C.to have lost D.to lose
20.It was raining hard, caused the river to rise.
A.which B.a(chǎn)s C.it D.that
Ⅱ.完型填空:
Two women came to Solomon with a hard problem.” This woman and I live in the same house. “explained one of them.” I gave 1 to a baby, and two days 2 , she bore a baby dead. But when I was 3 she put her dead child next to me and 4 my baby. As I got up and looked at the baby, I saw that it was not 5 .
6 this the other woman said, “No! The 7 child belongs to me.” The first woman answered, “No. The boy 8 is my son, not hers. “This was how the women 9 .
Solomon 10 for a sword, and, when it was 11 he said, “Cut the baby that is alive 12 half, and give each woman half of it.”
“No!” cried the first woman. “Please 13 put the child to death. Give it to her.” But the other woman said, “Don’t give it to 14 of us, go on and cut it.”
Finally Solomon spoke, “Don’t 15 the child! Give it to the first woman. She is the 16 mother.” Somomon knew this because the first woman loved the baby 17 much that she was ready to give it to the other woman. 18 this way the baby could be saved. When people heard how Solomon had 19 the problem they were glad to have such a 20 king.
1.A.food B.milk C.birth D.death
2.A.behind B.later C.before D.back
3.A.working B.sleeping C.dreaming D.lying
4.A.woke B.killed C.brought D.took
5.A.my B.her C.mine D.hers
6.A.At B.With C.On D.In
7.A.living B.a(chǎn)live C.lively D.lived
8.A.dying B.living C.death D.a(chǎn)live
9.A.quarrelled B.talked C.said D.fought
10.A.looked B.cared C.sent D.called
11.A.brought B.taken C.carried D.held
12.A.into B.in C.by D.onto
13.A.not B.not to C.won’t D.don’t
14.A.neither B.either C.both D.a(chǎn)ny
15.A.die B.beat C.murder D.kill
16.A.wrong B.real C.mistaken D.clever
17.A.too B.very C.that D.so
18.A.By B.Through C.In D.With
19.A.found B.grasped C.solved D.worked
20.A.wise B.brave C.cruel D.funny
Ⅲ.閱讀理解:
(A)
Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions. People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they many become normal citizens again. The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.
1.What is the topic of the text?
A.Young thieves. B.An unusual illness.
C.Reasons for stealing. D.A normal child’s actions.
2.From the text we learn that small children .
A.have little control of themselves B.usually steal things but grow up honest
C.a(chǎn)re usually kleptomaniacs D.like to give things away
3.Kleptomaniacs usually steal things that .
A.a(chǎn)re valuable B.a(chǎn)re unimportant
C.their friends like D.they themselves need
4.Which of the following words can best replace(替代) the word desire in the first sentence?
A.chance B.power C.right D.wish
(B)
Our neighbour asked my daughter what she put on her cat to make him smell so good, “Maybe it’s the perfume I use,” came the reply “The cat sleeps with his nose against my neck, so some of the scent must rub off on him.”
The next evening our neighbour was in a department store when she noticed a familiar fragrance(香味) in the air. Our neighbour liked shopping very much and always went to the same store. She asked the woman who had just walked by what perfume she was wearing. After learning the name, our neingbour said, over the heads of all in the crowded store. “It smells wonderful. My friend’s cat wears it.”
1.The cat smelled good because
A.the writer’s daughter put perfume on him B.the cat slept with the girl
C.the cat liked the smell of the perfume D.the cat wore perfume
2.Which of the following sentences does not keep to the topic?
A.Our neighbour asked my daughter what she put on her cat to make him smell so
good.
B.“It smells wonderful.”
C.She liked shopping very much and always went to the same store.
D.“My friend’s cat wears it.”
3.In the sentence “After learning the name,…” the world “name” refers to .
A.the lady’s name B.the name of the perfume
C.the name of the store D.the name of the cat
4.On hearing the neighbour’s words, the lady in the store would probably be .
A.happy B.a(chǎn)ngry C.worried D.proud
5.When the neighbour said, “It smells wonderful. My friend’s cat wears it.” she wanted to .
A.make fun of the lady B.make fun of the perfume
C.sound funny D.praise the perfume
Ⅳ.改錯:
According to an old story, a farmer once found that 1.
a bag of corn had been stolen in his house. He went to 2.
the judge and told him his loss. The judge ordered that 3.
all the people of the farm must come before him. He 4.
took a number of sticks of equal long and gave one stick 5.
to every man. He then said, “Come here again tomorrow. I 6.
shall know who of you is the thief because the stick 7.
giving to the thief will be one inch longer than the 8.
others.” The next day a thief was found because he 9.
was afraid of being found out and cut an inch of his stick. 10.
科目 英語
年級 高二
文件 high2 unit10.doc
標(biāo)題 At the Tailor's Shop (在裁店縫)
章節(jié) 第十單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高二英語第十單元
內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
■ 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語指南
Advice And Suggestions (勸告和建議)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語
1. There seems to be something wrong with it . I can't possibly wear it . 這好象有點(diǎn)毛病,我不能穿了。
2. I would like you to change this for a new one . 我很想讓你把這個給我換個新的。
3. You sold me so old a bike that I can't use it . I insist that you give me my money back . 你買給了我如此破舊的自行車,我就不能用。我要求你退我款。
4. It's not our fault . I'm afraid I can't do that . Why can't you do something about it ? 這不是我的錯,恐怕我作不了主,你能不能靈活點(diǎn) ?
5. Could you give me some advice on English study ? 我想征求一下關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)英語的建議。
6. I 'd like your advice about / on this plan .
7. What do you think I should do ?
8. You'd better not trouble him . 你最好不要麻煩他。
9. Let's help him with the luggage .
10. Why not ask him to go with us ?
11. How / What about seeing a film ? 去看電影怎么樣 ?
12. I strongly advise you to keep your promise .
13. I'm afraid I can't follow your advice .
14. That's impossible , but thank you all the same . 這不可能,但還是要謝謝你的。
15. Why don't you put off the meeting till next week ? 你為何不把會議推遲到下周 ?
● Model Dialogues 交際示范
A
A:Hello . You look tired today . What happened ?
B:I went to bed too late . I was reading a novel and forgot the time .
A:Really ? You need a rest tonight .
B:Yes , I think so .
A:You'd better go to bed earlier if you can .
B:Yes , you're right .
B
A:I've lost my ruler . Have you seen it anywhere ?
B:Sorry , I haven't . You'd better try your desk .
A:Yes , I did , but I didn't find it .
B:Why don't you ask Jim ? He was using a ruler just now .
A:Thanks . I'll go and ask him .
■ 單元核心句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1. It looks / seems as if … 看起來好象 ……
It looks as if it is going to rain . 看起來天要下雨。
測試要點(diǎn):as if = as though 后 接虛擬語氣。如:
He talks as if he had been there many times . 他談話的樣子好象是他已經(jīng)去過那里好多次了。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water , it looks as if it were broken . 當(dāng)一支鉛筆部分放入一杯水中,它看起來就像是斷了似的。
2. I insist (that) …
測試要點(diǎn):
我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該……(賓語從句用虛擬);
I insist he ( should ) write a letter of thanks to the school . 我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該向?qū)W校寫個感謝信。
我堅(jiān)持說……(賓語從句不用虛擬)。
He insisted that he didn't steal the money . 他堅(jiān)持說他沒有偷那筆錢。
3. I should like / would like sb to do sth 很樂意讓某人干……
I should like you go shopping this weekend . 我倒很想讓你周末去買東西。
測試要點(diǎn):
should like /love + to do 與簡略回答。如:
- Would you like to go swimming this Sunday ?
- I'd like / love to .
(用 to 代替 go swimming )
should like / love sb to 很想讓某人去干 ……
We'd like our teacher to point out and correct our mistakes in our exercises . 我們很想讓老師指出并改正我們作業(yè)中的錯誤。
should like / love + to be + done 喜歡被……
Little Jim would like to be taken to Beijing next Christmas .
4. Why don't you do … ? = Why not do … ? 為何不…… ?
Why don't you (= Why not ) have a look at the other blouses ? 為何不挑選一下別的襯衫 ?
■ 單元誤點(diǎn)警示
單元詞組 take place 透射出的隱型被動
在第 38 課中的詞組 take place (發(fā)生)屬“隱形被動”范疇 ,不用被動語態(tài)的形式。中學(xué)英語教材中還有一些不用“be/get + 過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),其具體表現(xiàn)形式如下:
◆ 有些詞(組)常用主動形式表達(dá)被動意義 (break out ,take place ,belong to ,shut off ,turn off ,work out制定 ,add up to , run out 用完 ,give out耗盡 ,等) 如:
The lights on the wall turned off .
The incident took place in Dec.1936 .
◆ 動詞不定式作定語,一方面與所修飾的名詞或代詞有動賓關(guān)系, 另一方面又與句子的主 語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,不定式常用主動式代表被表式。如:
Do you have any letters to post ? (對比:Manager wang , I'll go to the post office . Do you have any letters to be posted) ?
◆ 某些表示感覺、狀態(tài)或特征的連系動詞(look, sound, taste, smell, feel, become, appear, prove, turn out等)的主動形式常表被動意義。如:
- Do you like the material ?
- Yes , it ____ very soft . (NMET 94)
A. is feeling B. felt
C. feels D. is felt [ 答案:C ]
His theory proved correct .
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .
◆ 有些動詞由“vt”變成的“vi”時, 常用主動形式與方式狀語連用表被動意義,這類動詞的主語常是物,該類常用動詞有:sell , lock , fill , dry , run , open , cut , read, wear , write , translate , wash , shut , blow , digest , begin 等。如:
The door blew open . The book sells well .
This cloth wears long . The story won't translate well .
The food won't digest . The suitcase won't lock easily .
◆ 表“需要”的動詞 (need , want , require , deserve , bear , demand) 后用動名詞的主動形式,或不定式的被動式表被動;在 be worth 后只接動名詞的主動形式表被動。如:
- What do you think of the book ?
- Oh , excellent. It's worth _____ a second time . (MET89)
A. to read B. to the read
C. reading D. being read [答案:C]
Your coat demands (requires , needs , wants) washing . (washing = to be washed)
He certainly deserves sending (= to be sent) to prison .
This telephone directory is well worth buying .
◆ 一些介詞加上具有動作意義的名詞,?杀肀粍右饬x。如:
Several new railways are under _____ (建議 ) in China . (NMET96) [ 答案:construction]
?嫉拇祟惤樵~短語有:on show=on exhibition , on sale , on fire , out of sight , in sight , under discussion , in the charge of , in the possession of , without help , without permission , under arrest , under repair , under consideration , under development 等。
◆ 有些以-able ,-ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞 ( visible 可見的, invisible 無形的,breakable 的, drinkable 可飲用的 readable 可讀的, acceptable 可接受的,respectable可尊敬的,countable 可數(shù)的,sensible可覺察的,等) 如:
The water in this well is drinkable(=fit to drink) . (19) Many things are invisible to us .
◆ 由過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞 (pleased , interested , satisfied , frightened , worried, dressed , surprised , wounded , broken) 仍含有被動意義。如:
The girls are always dressed well .
The boy cried , with a glass broken .
◆ 使役動詞 have/get+賓語+過去分詞 ,表示該分詞的動作由別人來完成。如:
-Good morning. Can I help you ?
-I'd like to have this package ____ , Madame . (MET89)
A. be weighed B. to be weighed
C. to weigh D. weighed [答案:D]
I'll get my hair cut on Sunday .
◆ 有些名詞以 -ee
結(jié)尾含被動意義 (以-er , -or 結(jié)尾卻含主動意義) 。如:
trainee受訓(xùn)者(trainer訓(xùn)練員),employe(e)雇員(employor雇主),addressee收件人
(addresser, addressor發(fā)件人) ,rejectee被棄者 (rejecter拋棄者) 等。
◆ 當(dāng)不定式在作表語(或賓補(bǔ))的形容詞(heavy , light , interesting , pleasant , simple, comfortable, dangerous , strong , big , small , sweet , smooth , nice , fit , important , impossible , necessary , good , easy, hard , difficult 等) 后面作狀語, 且不定式與句中主語 (或賓語)在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系時,常用主動形式表被動含義。如:
The chair looks rather hard , but in fact, it is very comfortable to _____ . (MET88)
A. sit B. sit on
C. be sat D. be sat on [答案:B]
They found the article hard to understand .
(注意:當(dāng)不定式中的動詞為不及物動詞時需補(bǔ)上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。又如:This river is dangerous to swim in)
◆ 動詞happen , last持續(xù) ,let出租 ,blame責(zé)備 ,seek尋求 , 等用主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。如:
It is I who am to blame .
This house is to let . 此房出租。
◆ 有些動詞 (look , bake , burn , print…)的進(jìn)行時態(tài)表被動意義。如:
Bread is baking .
The fish is cooking .
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
■ 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視
1. run ( ran , run ) 作不及物動詞意思是“顏色退色”。褪
Will the colours run if the dress is washed ? 這衣服洗起來會不會掉顏色 ?
The red on his face ran . 他臉上的紅潤不見了。
Some colours run quickly in the sun . 有些顏色在陽光下很快就褪色了。
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
run forward 向前跑去。run first 跑了第一。run a temperature 發(fā)燒。run a factory 辦工廠。run into 跑進(jìn),偶然遇到。sth + run out = become used up (主語常是時間、食物、金錢) 用完了 。sb + run out of + sth 用完了。例如:
His money soon ran out . 他的錢很快就用完了。
He is always running out of money before payday . 他老是發(fā)工資的日子還沒有到就把錢給花完了。
Last Sunday he ran into his old friend in the street . 上星期天他在街上遇到他的老朋友。
2. foolish 愚蠢的,傻的,鹵莽的,可笑的,荒謬的
It's foolish of me to do so . 我這樣做真蠢。
That's a foolish action . 那是各愚蠢的行為。
You look foolish in that dress .
It was foolish of her to act that way . = How foolish of her to act that way . 她那樣做該有多笨啊 !
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
辨析 foolish (愚蠢), stupid (笨), silly(傻)
foolish 強(qiáng)調(diào)缺乏智力、智慧或者判斷力,像愚人似的做出不合常理的事來。
I think it's foolish of her to let pass such a fine opportunity to go abroad . 我認(rèn)為她放棄這樣一個出國的好機(jī)會是十分愚蠢的。
stupid 常用于生氣和責(zé)罵時,用于人的性格時指智力或反應(yīng)遲鈍。
What a stupid boy he is ! 他是個多么笨的孩子啊 !
You are not stupid , just lazy ! 你不笨,就是懶 !
He is stupid in learning maths . 他學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)很笨。
silly 指智力低能,所做所為太無見識,因而常招致譏笑,含“聰明一世,糊涂一時”。
I felt silly because I didn't know what to say . 我覺得很傻,因?yàn)槲也恢勒f什么好。
Don't ask such silly questions ! 別再問這樣傻的問題了。
3. insist vt.& vi. 堅(jiān)持;堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為;堅(jiān)決要求
He insisted that I was wrong . 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為我錯了。
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
(1) insist on + doing 堅(jiān)持做
She insisted on going to Beijing herself . 她堅(jiān)持自己去北京。
Mother insisted on our going to Dalian by train . 母親堅(jiān)持要我們乘火車去大連。
(2) insist 后不接不定式,接賓語從句。表示堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為應(yīng)該作某事時用可以省略 should 的虛擬語氣;表示堅(jiān)持說明自己的看法時不用虛擬語氣。
He insisted that he wasn't a thief .
He insisted that I (should) finish this job alone .
He insists that he has done right . 他堅(jiān)信自己做對了。
(3) insist on 主要是“堅(jiān)持”意見、看法、主張。stick to 常指“堅(jiān)持”原則、計(jì)劃、決定,含有繼續(xù)干或者接著干之意。
He insisted on this point . 他堅(jiān)持這一點(diǎn)。
He insisted on knowing the fact . 他堅(jiān)決要知道事實(shí)的真相。
But Einstein stuck to his theory and went on with his research .
We must stick to our plan .
Lao Chen always sticks to his promise .
4. depend 依賴,依靠,信賴,相信
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
(1) depend on / upon 依靠 ,信賴(不用被動語態(tài),但在否定句中常用不定式的被動式)
He is a man to depend on .
He isn't a man to be depended on .
China doesn't depend on foreign countries .
Whether we will hold the sports meet depends on the weather .
You can depend on this newspaper .
You may depend on it that he will want to come .
Whether we can go for a picnic depends on our money .
(2) depend on sb for sth ; depend on sb to do sth
He depends on his neighbour for help .
All living things depend on the sun for their growth . 萬物生長靠太陽。
(3) depend on / upon it 毫無疑問,沒錯
Depend on it , we will win this match .
(4) It (all) depends (on) + 從句“要看……而定”
It depends on whether you want to do it or not .
It depends what you think of it .
5. choice 選擇,抉擇
When you make friends , make a careful choice .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
have no choice but / except to do 只有干……
He had no choice but to sing a song for us .
■ 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄
Lesson 37
1. There seems to be something wrong with … 好象……有毛病
There seems to be something wrong with my radio .
2. or else 要不然,否則
Hurry up , or else you'll be late for this important meeting .
He must be drunk , or else he is mad .
3. follow the instructions 按照說明進(jìn)行
It looks as if it hasn't been washed following the instructions . 好象沒有按照衣服的說明要求去洗。
4. the fault of ……的過錯
That is not the fault of our company .
5. give back 退還,歸還
You must give back the book to him by tomorrow .
I hope you will give my money back next week .
Will you please give the ruler back to Tom ? = Will you please give Tom back the ruler ?
6. do something about 對……采取措施
Why don't you do something about the rubbish in front of your school ?
7. change A for B 用A交換B;換乘……車
I'd like to change this dress for one in a larger size .
You have to take No. 101 at first and then change for the bus No. 101 .
8. in the sun 在陽光下
They stood in the winter sun , talking .
It's bad for you to read in the sun .
Lesson 38
1. take place 發(fā)生,出現(xiàn),舉行
This dialogue takes place at a tailor's shop .
When and where did the accident take place ?
It took place on a rainy morning last week .
Great changes have taken place here since 1978 .
The dance will take place after school .
2. find sth rather expensive 發(fā)現(xiàn)……相當(dāng)貴
3. try on 試穿
-Can I try on this pair of shoes ?
- Sure , try it on , please .
4.have sth on / about / with + sb 身上帶有某物
I don't have any small notes on me . 我隨身沒有帶小鈔票。
You had better have a pen on you .
Do you have any small change about you ? 你帶有零錢嗎 ?
Have you any notebook about you ?
Carry your driving licence with you .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
have on 穿著(不用進(jìn)行時態(tài))
Today she has on a white blouse . = Today she wears a white blouse . = Today she is wearing a white blouse .
5. judge by / from 根據(jù)……來判斷;從……來判斷
We should judge a man by his deeds .
You shouldn't judge strangers always by the clothes he wears .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
judging by / from 依……來判斷 (作評注狀語)
Judging by his words , he got angry .
6. pay for 支付費(fèi)用;負(fù)擔(dān)款項(xiàng);付出代價
How much did you pay for the dictionary ?
Have those books been paid for ?
You will have to pay for your mistakes . 你總得為你的錯誤付出代價的。
7. put sb to the trouble of doing sth = trouble sb to do sth 麻煩某人干,為難某人干
I'm sorry to put you to the trouble of helping me .
He didn't want to put me to the trouble of meeting him at the airport .
8. apologize to sb for sth = make an apology to sb for sth 因……向某人道歉
He made apologies to us for breaking the mirror .
9. just a moment / minute 等一會兒
10. worry about 擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂,著急,發(fā)愁
Don't worry about it . It's nothing .
Worrying about your health will make you ill .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
be worried about 為……擔(dān)心,為……著急
Don't be worried about me , Mary .
She's always worried about her health .
11. be after 尋找,追求
The police are after the missing boy in the woods .
12. get / take off 脫下
You can get off your coat now .
Get off your wet clothes .
13. do sb a favour = do a favour for sb 幫某人的忙,給某人一恩惠
Will you do me a favour this time ?
She did me a great favour 5 years ago .
He is always ready to do his friends a favour .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
當(dāng) do sb a favour 后面有不定式時常用 do sb the favour to do 或者 do sb the favour of doing 。注意冠詞的變化。
Do me a favour , please . Turn the radio down .
She asked me to do her the favour of closing the door .
Will you do me the favor to lend me your dictionary ?
14. make … to one's (own) measure 根據(jù)某人的身材尺寸做
Mother will make new clothes for me to my own measure .
I'd like to have the skirt made to my own measure .
It seems that this dress is made to her measure .
15. depend on / upon 依賴,依靠
Everything depends on the conditions , time and place .
Children must depend on their parents .
She is a girl to be depended on .
You can depend on us to do the work well .
16. put / write down 寫下,記下; 放下
Be sure to put down every word she says on the phone .
Let me put down your telephone number before I forget it .
This bus stopped to put down passengers , but that bus stopped to pick up passengers .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
辨析下列由 put 構(gòu)成的搭配:
put out 撲滅。put away 把……收起來,放好。put on 上演,穿/戴上。put in / into practice 實(shí)施。put in order 整理,整頓。put off 推遲,拖延。put up 舉起,建立,為……提供食宿。
17. drop in 順便拜訪
I'll drop in and leave the new address .
Would you like to drop in and have a cup of coffee
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
drop in + on sb 順便拜訪某人
drop in + at sb 順便拜訪某地
call on sb (比較正式)拜訪某人
visit sb = pay a visit to sb (最正式)拜訪
On my way back , I dropped in at my brother's house .
Let's drop in on Aunt Wang , shall you ?
18. show sb out 送某人出去
Wait a moment . Let me show you out . 等一下,我送你出去。
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
show sb in 領(lǐng)某人進(jìn)來。。show sb around + place 領(lǐng)某人參觀。show sb into 領(lǐng)某人進(jìn)入。
要特別注意 show sb to the door 把某人送到門口。show sb the door 把某人趕出門去,下逐客令。
He wouldn't listen to my apology . He showed me the door . 他對我的道歉聽也不聽就把我趕出了門。
Lesson 39 & 40
1. do some research about = make some research about / on 對……進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究
They have done some research about free markets in this city for some time .
They have done a great deal of research on that subject .
〖測試要點(diǎn)〗
research 雖然可以用復(fù)數(shù),但其前不用 two , three , many , several , 但可以加 some ?梢杂茫篸o two pieces / items of research 做兩項(xiàng)研究工作。
research 后可以接介詞 on , about , into 。如:
He has made scientific researches on atom for ton years . 他從事原子科學(xué)研究已十年了。
2. offer the best advice and service 提供最好的建議和服務(wù)
3. do up 扎好,扣好,包好,整好,打扮。
You've done up your buttons the wrong way . 你把鈕扣扣錯了。
She went to the mirror to do up her hair .
They did up all the old newspapers and put then in a separate room .
Mary has done herself up for the palace ball .
4. be suitable for + ing / sth 適合于,宜于
These story-books are suitable for children to read .
This kind of food is unsuitable for the patients .
Is he suitable / fit for this job ?
5. understand about … 懂得有關(guān)……
對比:Do you understand the meaning ? 你明白/ 理解那個意思嗎?
Do you understand about space ? 你了解有關(guān)太空的情況嗎 ?
6. take sb seriously 對某人認(rèn)真接待,重視某人
It is foolish of you not to take this boss seriously .
7. (and) what is worse = to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
What was worse , this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal .
He felt very hungry . What's worse , he had no money on him .
It got dark , and what was worse , we lost our way in the forest .
8. give sb the right / wrong change 給某人對/錯錢
9. keep back 扣下,止住,隱瞞,留在后面
The boss kept back $30 from her pay without any reason . 老板無緣無故地從她的工資中扣掉30美元。
On hearing the news , the woman couldn't keep back her tears .
There's no need to keep it back from you .
10. enjoy equal rights 享有平等的權(quán)利
In China women enjoy equal rights with men .
11. fight sb to the end 同某人血戰(zhàn)到底
No matter how powerful the enemy seems , we must fight them to the end .
12. know little about 對……知之甚少
13. in the world = on earth = completely 完全地,究竟,到底
14. get caught in 遇到,掛住
Her dress got caught on a nail .
They got caught in the rain the day before yesterday .
15. come off 脫離,掉下來
The branches have come off the trees .
16. in the same order 以相同的順序
17. as usual 和往常一樣,照例
As usual , he got up very early .
Only a week after the fire in the store , it was doing business as usual .
■ 單元語法學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
●對 as if 用法的探微
本單元的語法學(xué)習(xí)是掌握 as if 的用法。as if 是連詞詞組,相當(dāng)于 as though , 意為“好像,好似”,引導(dǎo)表語從句和狀語從句。學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意如下四點(diǎn):
1 . as if 引導(dǎo)表語從句。
as if 引導(dǎo)表語從句時,可以和 as though 互換,其句型為:“It looks / seem as if …”,其中 it 本身無詞義,是無人稱代詞,looks / seems 是連系動詞,as if 引導(dǎo)表語從句。例如:
It looks / seems as if you have got no experience . 看來你似乎并沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
2 . as if 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句。
as if 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中,從句中的動詞一般要用虛擬語氣。若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想,動詞用過去式 (be 用 were ,適用于各種人稱);若表示與過去事實(shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想,動詞用“had + 過去分詞”形式。例如:
He acted as if he were smoking . 他那舉動好像他抽煙似的。
They talked as if they had been friends for years . 他們說話很親熱,就像多年的老朋友似的。
3 . 如果主句的謂語動詞是過去式,從句中的動詞往往可以用陳述語氣,不用虛擬語氣。例如:
I heard a noise as if she was crying . 我聽到一種聲音,好象她在哭泣似的。
He walked past me as if I didn't exist . 他從我身旁經(jīng)過時,好象我不存在似的。
4 . as if 引起從句不用虛擬語氣,用陳述語氣的情況有:
如果句子的謂語動詞是連系動詞 look , feel , seem , taste , smell 等時,從句往往用陳述語氣。
It looks as if we shall have to walk home . 看來我們得步得回家了。
He looks as if he is going to smile . 他看起來象要微笑似的。
如果所描述的行為本身就是一種事實(shí)時,通常用陳述語氣。
The astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor . 宇航員們感到他們好象是被壓在船艙上了。
說話者認(rèn)為屬于事實(shí)的成分比較大,假設(shè)的成分較小時,一般用陳述語氣。試比較:
He walks as if he were drunk . (沒有醉酒)
He is walking this way and that as if he is drunk . (醉酒的可能性很大)
● No matter + 疑問詞及其它
本單元的另一個語法學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目是 no matter + 疑問詞。一般說來,No matter + 疑問詞(what , when , etc . )表示“不管(無論)什么,何時”等等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要作用是來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
No matter what happened , he wouldn't say a word . 無論發(fā)生什么事,他都守口如瓶。
No matter what difficulties she met , she was going to be a singer . 不管會遇到什么困難,她決意要當(dāng)歌唱家。
No matter how busy he was , he always came to see me . 無論他多么忙還總是來看我。
在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,與上述結(jié)構(gòu)有相同意思和用法的結(jié)構(gòu)是:疑問句 + ever。
Whatever happened , he would not say a word .
不過,在使用疑問句 + ever 時,有以下幾點(diǎn)用法需要注意。
★ 引導(dǎo)主語從句或賓語從句時,只能用“疑問詞 + ever ”,而不能用“no matter + 疑問詞”。
Whoever smokes here will be punished . 無論誰在這抽煙都要受到懲罰。
Beggars will eat whatever they are given . 饑不擇食。
★“疑問詞 + ever”可以用作修飾名詞的關(guān)系形容詞。
Take whatever books you like best . 拿你最喜歡的書吧。
★“疑問詞 + ever ”搭配連用時,可用來加強(qiáng)語氣,用在特殊問句中,表示“到底、究竟(= at all)的意思。
What ever do you want ? 你到底要些什么 ?
How ever did I forget it ? 我怎么竟然把它忘了 ?
★“no matter”可以單獨(dú)用在句中或用作表語,意思是 it doesn't matter (不要緊),never mind (沒關(guān)系)。
It makes no matter whether he likes it or not . 他喜歡不喜歡都沒有關(guān)系。
It is no matter whether you get there early or late . = It doesn't matter whether you get there early or late . 你早晚到那兒都沒關(guān)系。
No matte , madam . 不要緊,夫人。
★ No matter 與 who , what , where , when…. 連用時,從句的時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
No matter where you go , she'll love you . 無論你走到哪里,她都會愛你的。
★“no matter + 疑問詞”放在句末時,往往不需要動詞跟在后面。
I'll always believe you , no matter what . (不用 happen)不論發(fā)生什么,我都會相信你的。
〖針對練習(xí)〗
用“no matter + 疑問詞”或“疑問詞 + ever”填空
1 . ______ you go , you'll find your friends .
2 . I'll eat _______ you gave me .
3 . _______ he says , I'll do it .
4 . _______ he is in trouble , I'll be ready to help him .
5 . _______ she says should be considered .
6 . The teacher will give a medal to _______ studies hardest .
7 . You may take ______ gifts you want .
8 . _______ made you so angry ?
9 . _______ promise to buy you a car ?
10 . ______ have you made so great progress ?
11. baggage it is , it will be kept until the owner returns .
答案:1 . Wherever / No matter where 2 . whatever 3 . Whatever / No matter what 4 . Whenever / No matter when 5 . Whatever 6 . whoever 7 . whatever 8 . What ever / Who ever 9 . Who ever 10 . How ever 11. No matter whose
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
● 哪些詞能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
◇ 用連詞 though 和 although,譯成漢語為“雖然……但是……”。后者的語氣稍正式些。要注意的是:英語中用了 though (although),在主句中不要再加 but 。但他們可以與副詞 still 和 yet 等連用,加強(qiáng)語氣。
Although it was quite late , we were still working in the fields . 雖然時間很晚了,但我們還在田里工作著。
◇ 用 if 或 even if , 譯成漢語為“即使……”。
If we failed in this English examination , at least we did our best . 即使我們在這次英語考試中失敗我們至少盡了最大努力。
I'll go even if it rain . 即使天下雨,我也要去。
◇ 用 whether ,譯成漢語為“不論”。
Whether it may rain or not , I'll do morning exercises . 不論天下雨不下雨,我都做早操。
◇ 用 even when ,譯成漢語為“縱然……”等含義。
Even when it was raining heavily , he refused to take an umbrella . 縱然天在下大雨,他也拒絕帶雨傘。
◇ 用 while , 它和 if , when 所引出的讓步狀語從句是通過連詞在句中表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與主句的內(nèi)容在意義上相反。
While I appreciated (重視) the honour , I could not accept the position . 盡管我 重視榮譽(yù),但是我不能接受那個職位。
◇ 用 as ,但語序要倒裝。
Poor as he is ( = Though he is poor) , he is honest . 雖然他貧窮,但他誠實(shí)。
◇ 用連接代詞(副詞) whatever , whichever , whoever , wherever , whenever 和 however 等來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
Whatever happens , (=No matter what) , we'll carry on the experiment . 不管怎么樣,我們要繼續(xù)試驗(yàn)。
He will never succeed , however hard he tries . 無論他如何努力嘗試,他都不會成功。
● 條件在哪里 ?
請先看這樣兩句話:
1 . Without electricity human life would be quite different today .
2 . Given more attention , the trees could have grown better .
以上兩句都是虛似條件句,但在這些句子卻看不到 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,那么,它們的條件在哪里呢 ?
1 . 在 without 等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語里,without 是最常見的用來表示條件的介詞,意思是“若沒有”等。
Plants couldn't grow without air . 沒有空氣植物就不能生活。(without air = if there weren't air)
Without your advice , he couldn't have succeeded . 若不是你的忠告,他不可能成功。(without your advice = if it hadn't been for your advice)
另外 under 也常用來表示條件。
We could have done better under more favorable conditions . 在更有利的條件下,我們能干得更好。
2 . 在but for 或 except for 引導(dǎo)的短語里,but for 與 except for 意義接近,可譯作“要不是……”,等于 if it hadn't been for 。
But for the rain , we should have had a pleasant journey . 要不是下雨, 我們旅途愉快的。
But for your coming , I should have been very lonely . 要不是你來,我會感到寂寞的。
Except for you , I should be dead by now . . 要不是因?yàn)槟悖一畈坏浆F(xiàn)在。
She would have left her husband except for the children . 若不是為了孩子,她早就離開她丈夫了。
3 . 用分詞表示。
Invited , I would have come with you . (=If I had been invited , I would … )要是受到邀請,我會跟你一塊去的。
I'd come and see you in Austria , given the chance . (= … if I were given the chance . )有機(jī)會的話,我會到奧地利去看你。
4 . 隱含在 but 引導(dǎo)的并列句中。
We would have given you a ride this morning , / but the car was full . ( = … this morning if the car hadn't been full . )今天上午我們本可以讓你搭我們的車的,但車上人滿了。
He could have passed the driving test , but he was too nervous . 他原本能夠通過駕駛考試的,不過他太緊張了。
5 . 隱含在副詞 otherwise (否則,不然的話,等于 if not)。
It snowed heavily , Otherwise , I could have arrived earlier . 天下了大雪,不然的話,我會早到的。(此處,otherwise = if it hadn't snowed heavily)
6 . 隱含在 but that 引導(dǎo)的從句里。這里 but 為介詞,but that 的意思是“若不是……”。
I'd have come with you but that I was so busy . (= I'd have come with you if I hadn't been so busy . )我要是不忙,會跟你一塊兒去的。
He would have helped us but that he was short of money . (= He would have helped us if he hadn't been short of money . )要不是那時他缺錢,他會幫助我們的。
7 . 隱含在上下文的語境中。
- We could have walked to the station . It was so near . 我們本可以步行去車站,它這么近。
- Yes . A taxi wasn't necessary . 對,當(dāng)時乘出租車是不必要的。 (MET'92)
此句上下文隱含了“如果不乘出租車的話”這個條件(車站很近,乘出租車沒必要。)
I would have acted as he did . 我不會象他那樣干的。(隱含的條件是:“如果我要干的活if I had done it!)
在下一個例句中,隱含的條件更不難體會。
Before liberation , years like these would have meant certain death for many people . Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children .
解放前要是碰到這樣的年景,很多人肯定會死掉,許多人會逃荒要飯,許多人會被迫賣兒賣女。
【妙文賞析】
A Bullet in Mr Hand's Back
Mr Hand was very strong when he studied in a middle school . He liked (1) and his favourite game was running . So he won several (2) at the sports meetings . He had hoped to go to college before the (3) broke out . He was told to join the army and he (4) the front . He was very brave and was hardly (5) anything . But one day he was badly wounded and his (6) sent him to the field hospital at once . The doctors tried their best to (7) him , but a bullet (子彈) was in his back and they couldn't bring it out when he was being (8) on . Having come out of hospital , Mr Hand was (9) by a police station . He worked hard but he often had a (10) in his back and had to go to the hospital . But the (11) in his town could not help him and advised him to go to a (12) hospital in the capital . He (13) their suggestion and started . His friends saw him off at the (14) . As the planes were often hijacked (劫持) , at the (15) he was stopped and the policemen told him to hand over all his things that were made of (16) .
“I'm sorry to tell you , sir , ”said Mr Hand . “I can't (17) you unless you use knives ! ”
“Are you having a (18) with us , sir ? ”called out an officer .
“Don't be (19) , sir , ”Mr Hand said with a smile . “I'm trying to have the bullet (20) out ! ”
Having heard his explanation , the officer let him in .
從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中選出一個最佳答案。
1 . A . lessons B . sports C . reading D . writing
2 . A . medals B . chances C . plans D . projects
3 . A . hire B . earthquake C . war D . flood
4 . A . left B . was left C . sent to D . was sent to
5 . A . afraid of B . tired of C . in need of D . interested in
6 . A . officers B. officials C . soldiers D . secretaries
7 . A . rescue B . save C . encourage D . explain
8 . A . examined B . checked C . operated D . treated
9 . A . borrowed B . employed C . stationed D . elected
10 . A . mark B . disease C . pain D . result
11 . A . doctors B . scientists C . folks D . relatives
12 . A . near B . old C . good D . better
13 . A . accepted B .received C . appreciated D . thanked
14 . A . railway station B . airport C . port D . bus stop
15 . A . plane B . office C . exit D . entrance
16 . A . medal B . model C . metal D . plastic
17 . A . see B . look at C . hear D . listen to
18 . A . joke B . arguing C . problem D . communicating
19 . A . sad B . afraid C . angry D . astonished
20 . A . sent B . brought C . finding D . dug
〖答案〗 1 . B 2 . A 3 . C 4 . D 5 . A 6 . C 7 . B 8 . D 9 . B 10 . C 11 . A 12 . D 13 . A 14 . B 15 . D 16 . C 17 . D 18 . A 19 . C 20 . B
〖釋疑〗1. 從下一句 his favourite game was running 可以確定應(yīng)選 sports 。2. 在運(yùn)動回上自然是獲得獎?wù)拢蔬x medals 。3. 從上下文可以知道他不是生長在和平的年代(He was told to join the army .),故選war 。4. 保家衛(wèi)國就會被派往前線,所以選D。5. 從very brave 和 hardly 可以知道他英勇無畏,選A。6. 在戰(zhàn)場受傷只能是戰(zhàn)友們伸出友愛的手把他送到戰(zhàn)地醫(yī)院,故只能選 C。7. 受重傷已經(jīng)脫離在戰(zhàn)場的險境,面臨的就是搶救他的性命,rescue 是營救,save 是搶救生命,所以選 B。8. 動手術(shù)符合語境。9. 康復(fù)出院后應(yīng)是被雇傭,所以選B。10. 由于前面的伏筆中有背部子彈未取出,現(xiàn)在疼痛是在所難免的,所以選C。11. 既然建議他當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院無能為力,愛莫能助,只有醫(yī)生說出此言。12. 從 in the capital 暗示出只有條件好的大醫(yī)院才能取出他背部的子彈。并不是醫(yī)院舊或離當(dāng)?shù)亟湍苋缭試L。13. 從started(出發(fā))知他接受了(accepted)建議,不只是接到(received)建議。14. 下文 planes 的提示說明朋友在機(jī)場送行。15. 根據(jù)常識在入境出接受海關(guān)檢查,只有 entrance 符合此意。16. 對人有危險的器物恐怕金屬類的比較現(xiàn)實(shí),故選 metal。17. 幽默在于 Mr Hand 并沒有什么惡意,自己身上的子彈只有用手術(shù)刀才能解決問題?蓪Ψ絽s產(chǎn)生理解上的偏差,故用listen to sb 表達(dá)服從之意。18. 從檢查人員的大聲喊叫(called out)中可以感受到請Mr Hand 不要開玩笑而妨礙公事。19. Mr Hand 一看對方臉色和反應(yīng)不對勁,知道自己的話引起了誤會,故笑容滿面(with a smile)地向怒氣沖沖的警察們解釋說明。故選C。20. have sth + done 是讓……被。bring out 取出。dig out 不符合實(shí)際。
【思維體操】
世界名人系列 NMET閱讀理解 (2)
Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln took office in March of 1861 , James Buchanan said to him, “If you are as happy on entering the White House as I'm leaving it , you are the happiest man in this country . ” Difficult times lay ahead for Lincoln , and both men knew it . Seven Southern States had already left the Union , four more states would soon follow them . The start of the Civil War was only weeks away . Many people doubted (懷疑) Lincoln's ability to pull the Union together . He was just a country lawyer . He had only a few years of schooling , and he had served one term in Congress (國會) . His only real fame came from a series of debates (辯論) over slavery . Lincoln's firm s
科目 英語
年級 高二
文件 high2 unit12.doc
標(biāo)題 Mainly Revision
章節(jié) 第十二單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高二英語第十二單元
內(nèi)容
一、教學(xué)目的和要求
1.單詞和詞組:
the other day
goldfish
L.45L四會
breath
hold one’s breath
throw at
L.46
fine (vi.)
dish
get away
fall over
L.47
recent
exercise (vi)
L.48
tank
underwater
bush
L.45三會
lion
Green Park Zoo
attack
frighten
pale
L.46
stare
stare at
carry off
so as to
attract
keeper
struggle to one’s feet
speed up
flow
L.47
exact
L.48
for one thing
centimetre (cm)
L.45二會
Cousins
L.46
Jo run out of
L.47
2.日常交際用語:
復(fù)習(xí)第七至十一單元出現(xiàn)過的日常交際用語。
3.語法:
復(fù)習(xí)第七至十一單元出現(xiàn)過的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目。
二、重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
L.45
1. We need to find one about 30 centimeters (cm) by 30cm by 50cm .
我們需要找一個大約30公分寬、50公分長的水箱。
句中的30cm by 30cm by 50cm是體積的表示法,其中介詞by表示“用……去乘”的意思,分別表示寬、高、長的長度。例如:
I want to buy a cage 1.5m by 1.5m by 3m.
我想買一個1.5米寬、1.5m高、3m長的籠子。
另外,句中的體積表示法也可以寫出1.5m×1.5m×3m
2. Check the prices before you decide whether to buy one .
要看好價格,然后再決定買不買。
句中的whether to buy one是疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu),作及物動詞的賓語。在此“whether”作“是否”解,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能用if代替(if to buy one是錯誤的)。例如:
We haven’t decided whether to have a party .
我們還沒決定是否舉行一次聚會。
They didn’t tell us when to paint the house .
他們沒告訴我們什么時候粉刷房屋。
The worker showed us how to operate the machine .
這位工人告訴我們怎樣操作這臺機(jī)器。
3. For one thing they keep the water clean . Also they make the tank look much prettier .
一則它們(水下植物)可以使水保持清潔,再則他們可以便水箱看起來漂亮些。
a)句中的for one thing意思是“首先”,“一則”,用來舉出理由,常用在For one thing…,for another…或For one thing…Also…這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,意思為“一則……,再則……”或“首先……,其次……”。例如:
I can’t stay here for long . For one thing , I’ve no time . For another , I’ve no money .
我不能在此逗留太久。首先,我沒時間,其次,我沒有錢。
I think she’s fit for the job . For one thing , she dances . Also she’s fond of singing .
我認(rèn)為她適合這個工作。一則她會跳舞,再則她喜歡唱歌。
b)keep在句中是“使……保持”的意思,make是“使/讓……”的意思,在這二個詞的后面都跟復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)。在本句中,keep后面的復(fù)合賓語是“名詞+形容詞”(keep the water clean);而make后的復(fù)合賓語是“名詞+不帶to的不定式”(make the tank look prettier)。例如:
Good food keeps you healthy .
好的食物能使你保持健康。
Please keep the room clean .
請保持室內(nèi)清潔。
He made his parents happy .
他使他的父母高興。(這是跟“名詞+形容詞”的復(fù)合賓語。)
They made the child cry .
他們把孩子給弄哭了。
L.46
1. The manager of the zoo said that the young lion , which was born in the zoo and is now six months old , would probably not attack people .
動物園的經(jīng)理說,幼獅是在動物園出生的,只有六個月,很可能不會咬人。
a)這是一個主從復(fù)合句,其中的主句是“The manager of the zoo said”,其后跟了一個由that補(bǔ)導(dǎo)的賓語從句“that the young lion…would probably not attack people”,而在這一從句中,又插入了一個非限定性定語從句“which was born…six months old”,來修飾先行詞the young lion .
b)句中的副詞probably作“或許”,“可能”解,是most likely(很可能)的意思。所學(xué)過的類似的副詞有:possibly , maybe , perhaps。另外還有形容詞likely,也有很可能的意思。這些詞都表示可能性,但在程度上和用法上稍有不同。perhaps作“或許”解,含有“也許如此”,“也許不如此”的意味,它和possibly的意味相似,但possibly通常與情態(tài)動詞can , may , must等詞連用。例如:
Perhaps it is true ./It may possibly be true .這也許是真的。
△Maybe也作“或許”解,同perhaps的意思接近,但比perhaps更為普通,它是英國英語,而maybe是美國英語。例如:
Perhaps it is true ./Maybe it is true .這或許是真的。
△probably也是“或許”、“可能”的意思,它比perhaps和possibly所表示的可能性大。例如:
They will perhaps succeed ./They may possibly succeed .
這二句語的意思是“他們或許會成功!逼渲泻小安粫晒Α钡囊馑驾^多。
但下面這個句中表達(dá)的意思則是含有“會成功”的意思較多。例如:
They will probably succeed .他們很可能會成功。
△而形容詞likely也有“很可能的意思,大體上和probable同義,但比probable更為多用。在用法上他們也是有些不同的。likely后面常跟動詞不定式式(be likely to do sth .);而probable之后通常不跟不定式。例如:
He is likely to come .
他很可能會來。
在這外句子中,likely不可用probable代替。但在下面的句子中,probable卻可以代替likely。例如:
It is likely that he’ll come ./It is probable that he’ll come .
2. Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police .
無論誰看到這頭獅子請打電話給動物園和警察。
句中的anyone who相當(dāng)于whoever。anyone為代詞,意思是“任何人”,“無論何人”。
例如:I didn’t see anyone . 我沒見到任何人。
Does anyone know the answer ? 有人知道答案嗎?
請注意區(qū)別anyone與any one。anyone是代詞,作“任何人”解;any one可起形容詞的作用,也可起代詞的作用,意思是“任何一個的”,“任何一個人(一件事)”。
另外any one后可接of短語,而anyone則不可以接of短語。例如:
I didn’t ask anyone to help me with the work .
我沒有請任何人幫忙。
I didn’t ask any one of them to help me with the work .
我沒有請他們中的任何一個人幫忙。
3. Mrs Cousins was making a lot of noise with the pans and did not hear anything unusual .
卡曾斯太太擺弄鍋盤的響聲很大,所以她沒聽見有什么特殊的動靜。
句中的noise一詞的意思是“聲音”,尤指喧鬧聲,噪音。make a noise作“喧嚷”、“吵鬧”、“發(fā)出噪音”解。例如:
Don’t make so much noise ./Don’t make such a loud noise . The baby is sleeping .
別這么吵鬧,小嬰兒正在睡覺。
我們學(xué)過表示“聲音”的詞還有:voice和sound,表示“聲音”時,這三個詞可以通用。例如:
I heard a voice/sound/noise .
我聽到了一個聲音。
但是它們分別又各有特定的含義。
△noise作“噪音”、“嘈雜聲”、“吵鬧聲”,主要指不悅耳,不和諧的聲音,它既可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
Noise is another kind of pollution .
噪音是另外一種污染。
Very loud noise can make people ill , or even drive them mad .
很大的噪音可以使人得病,甚至使人發(fā)狂。
△voice多指人發(fā)出的聲音,包括說話聲,歌聲或笑聲,有時也用于引申的意義,作“意見”、“發(fā)言權(quán)”解。例如:
They boy shouted at the top of his voice .
那男孩高聲呼叫。
I’m sorry I didn’t recognize your voice .
對不起,我沒聽出來你的聲音。
She has a sweet voice .
她的聲音甜美。
I’ve no voice in the matter .
對于這件事,我無發(fā)言權(quán)。
△sound含義最廣,指可以聽到的任何聲音。例如:
a weak sound微弱的聲音,a strange sound奇怪的聲音,the sound of music音樂之聲。
I heard a strange sound outside .
我聽到外面有一種奇怪的聲音。
He went upstairs , without a sound .
他悄悄地上了樓。
4. She was just about to open the window and shouted at the dog to frighten it , when she stopped and stood quite still .
她正準(zhǔn)備打開窗戶,大聲嚇唬一下那條狗,這時她突然停住了,站著一動也不動。
a)句中的be about to do sth表示“即將做某事”,“馬上就要做某事”,“正要做某事”。例如:
Don’t go out now . we’re about to have lunch .
現(xiàn)在不要出去,我們就要開飯了。
We were just about to leave when you telephoned .
我們正要離開時,你來電話了。
這里需要注意的是,about常與when搭配使用,這時其句子的特點(diǎn)是英語主從關(guān)系和漢語的主從關(guān)系恰好相反,比如上面的這個句子,英語中when you telephoned是時間狀語從句,而漢語句中則是主句,而we were about to leave在英語中是主句,漢語中卻成了從句。又如:
I was about to start when it began to rain .
我正要動身,就開始下雨了。
b)句中的when是連詞,連接兩個并列的分句,意思是“屆時”,“在那時”,“……然后”,必要時在when的從句之前加逗號。例如:
I was about to go to bed last night , when I heard a cry for help .
昨晚我正要睡覺時,突然聽到了呼救聲。
My friend Jack came to see me , when I had dinner .
我的朋友杰克來看我,那時我正在吃晚飯。
c)句中的stood quite still短語中stood可以看作是系動詞,后面跟的是形容詞still作表語,意思是“靜止的”,“不出聲的”。to stand still相當(dāng)于to remain unmoving and silent,用以說明句子中的主語所處于某種狀態(tài)。類似的動詞還有sit , lie,在這些詞后也可以跟形容詞作表語,對句子的主語進(jìn)行描述。例如:
He stood still , watching the old people playing chess .
他站在那兒一動也不動,觀看著老人們下棋。
He lay awake , thinking about changing his job .
他毫無睡意地躺著,考慮要換個工作。
She sat still , waiting for their decision .
她坐著不動,等候他們的決定。
5. At that very moment , the animal bent over the baby .
就在那一剎那,獅子俯身看著嬰兒。
a)句中的very是形容詞,用來加強(qiáng)語氣,作“正好”,“就在”,“正是”解。例如
That’s the very thing I’m after .
那正是我在追求的東西
This is the very man we have been talking about .
這個人正是我們在談?wù)摰模莻)人。
b)動詞bend意為“彎腰”,“曲身”,“屈服”,與over一起構(gòu)成短評動詞相當(dāng)于turn over , lean to the ground,例如:
The tall man bent to listen to the little boy .
那位高個子男人彎下腰來聽小男孩講話。
I can’t bend before them .
我不能向他們屈服。
He stopped and bent over to tie his shoes .
他停下來,彎腰系鞋帶。
6. Mrs , Cousins held her breath , and her whole body went cold .
卡曾斯太太屏住呼吸,全身發(fā)冷。
a)句中的短語hold one’s breath意思是“屏住呼吸”,“不出聲”。例如:
How long can you hold your breath for ?
你能屏住呼吸多久?
The audience held their breath as the acrobat walked along the tightrope .
雜技演員走鋼絲時,觀從們都屏住了呼吸。
b)句中的went(go為原形)作系動詞用,意思是“變得”(同become),cold是形容詞,作表語,說明主語發(fā)生的變化。類似的系動詞還有:fall , get , turn等。例如:
Eggs are easy to go bad in summer .
在夏天,雞蛋容易變壞。
It’s getting dark , let’s stop working .
天快黑了,咱們停止工作吧。
The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes .
當(dāng)春天來臨時,樹葉就變綠了。
Before liberation , he often went hungry .
解放前,他經(jīng)常挨餓。
Has anything gone wrong with the machine ?
機(jī)器出什么毛病了嗎?
7. Worse still , it could even carry off the baby in its mouth .
更糟的是,獅子甚至可能把嬰兒叼走。
句中的worse still是“更糟糕的是……”,同于what’s worse .這是形容詞詞組構(gòu)成的插入語,用來作補(bǔ)充說明,插入語后面通常用逗號同句子的其它成分分開。例如:
Lots of trees were blown down , Worse still (What’s worse) , some people were killed or injured .
許多樹木被風(fēng)刮倒了,更糟糕的是,還死傷了一些人。
It was very cold last night . Worse still , it was snowing .
昨天晚上很冷,更糟的是,還下著雪。
8. There was not a moment to lose . ( = She had no time to waste .)
不能再耽誤了。
There was not a moment to lose .
是一個固定的表達(dá)法,意思是“立即行動起來”,“一刻也不能耽誤”。lose在這里作“耽擱”,“浪費(fèi)時間”解。例如:
Hurry up , there’s not a moment to lose .
快點(diǎn),一刻也不能耽擱了。
She’s very ill .Take her to the hospital and there’s not a moment to lose .
她病得不輕,快送她去醫(yī)院,一刻也不能耽誤。
9. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attrack the lion’s attention .
當(dāng)她搖晃著手中的豬肉吸引獅子的注意力時,獅子看著她。
句中的attract是“吸引”,“引起注意”,“引起興趣”的意思,(=draw)。例如:
The new film in going to attract a lot of visitors .
這部新影片會很受歡迎的。
The newly built museum began to attract a lot of visitors .
這座新建的博物館吸引了不少參觀者。
10. “Here ! Eat that !” she cried as she threw the leg of pork as far as she could onto the grass away from the table .
她一邊盡可能地把豬腿扔到遠(yuǎn)離桌子的草地上,一邊喊著,“喂,吃這個吧!”
a)句中的here,是感嘆詞,用來引起別人注意,譯時比較靈活。例如:
Here , look at the beautiful picture !
喂,請看這張美麗的畫片!
Here , don’t walk so quickly .
喂,別走那么快。
Here , give me a hand .
喂,請幫幫我。
b) as far as she could后面省略了動詞throw,這是一個狀語從句,相當(dāng)于as far as possible(盡可能遠(yuǎn))。
這二個結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的:
as + adj./adv. + as + one can .
as + adj./adv. + as possible .
例如:
I shall come to see you as often as I can/possible .
我會盡可能常來看你。
I’ll try to work as hand as I can/possible .
我將盡可能地努力工作。
L.47
1. It’s not safe to go outside until it is caught .
在抓住它之前,外出是不安全的。
a)在這個句子中,句首的it是形式主語,真正的主語是不定式短語to go outside,而第二個短語是人稱代詞,在這里代替的是the young lion。
b)在這里要注意的是句中not…until…的結(jié)構(gòu),其中的until相當(dāng)于before的意思。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子,翻譯時可以譯作“在……之前不……”,也可以譯作“到……之后才……”。
如本課中的這句話還可以譯作“抓住獅子之后,外出才是安全的。”請看下面的句子:
Don’t leave until I come back .
在我回來之前不要離開。(我回來之后再離開。)
We won’t do anything until we’ve thought it over .
在我們仔細(xì)考慮之前,我們不會做任何事情的。(在我們仔細(xì)考慮之后才會去做的。)
He didn’t do his homework until his mother came home .
他媽媽回到家之后他才做功課。
2. Two keepers from the zoo came into the house and looked into the garden .
動物園的兩位飼養(yǎng)員走進(jìn)屋來,察看了一下花園里情況。
句中的動詞短語look into的意思是“調(diào)查”,“研究”,“了解”的意思,但在本句中有“觀察”,“調(diào)查”之意。例如:
We’ll look into this matter together .
我們將一起調(diào)查這件事。
The police are looking into the records of all those involved in the crime .
警察在查閱所有被牽扯到這個案子里的人的檔案。
其實(shí)look into的本意是“向里面看”。例如:
Father said to his son , “l(fā)ook into the box and tell me what you see” .
父親對兒子說:“朝箱子里面,然后告訴我你看到了什么”。
3. Walking slowly across the grass he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired .
慢慢地穿過草地,他把槍筒對準(zhǔn)獅子,緊接著他就開槍了。
a)句首的walking slowly across the grass是~ing短語作狀語 ,表示伴隨的動作。這種~ing短語作狀語時,可以放在句首也可以放在句末。
b)句中的point…at…是“把……對準(zhǔn)”,“指向”的意思。另外point to的意思是“指”“指著”的意思。例如:
She was pointing her fingers at him .
她把手指指著他。
“Point the gun at the target” , the officer ordered .
軍官命令道“把槍對準(zhǔn)靶子”。
The hands of the clock pointed to ten .
鐘表的指針指著十點(diǎn)。
It’s impolite to point your fingers at people .
用手指指人是不禮貌的。
4. The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet .
獅子突然發(fā)出一聲怒吼,掙扎著站了起來。
a)句中的make a noise是“發(fā)出響聲”的意思,在noise一詞之前可以加形容詞或不定代詞,如make a great noise(發(fā)出很大的響聲),make a loud noise(發(fā)出鬧聲),make no noise(不發(fā)出聲響)等。另外,noise一詞可以是可數(shù)名詞也可以是不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
Don’t make any noise . The hildren are sleeping .
別吵鬧,孩子們正在睡覺呢。
What’s that noise ?
那是什么響?
Who’s making those strange noises ?
誰弄出的那種怪聲?
b)句中的struggle to one’s feet短語是“掙扎著站起來”的意思。動詞struggle是“掙扎”,“奮力”,“作努力”,“斗爭”的意思。例如:
The people were struggling to get out of the burning building .
人們奮力逃離出燃燒著的建筑物。
A bird was caught and was struggling to get free .
小鳥被捉并且奮力掙脫。
5. After a moment , it fell over and lay still .
不一會兒,它(獅子)就摔倒在地,一動不動了。
句中的fall over是“摔倒”的意思。例如:
A girl fell over and hit her head .
小女孩摔倒了,碰了頭。
He fell over a rock and hurt himself .
他跌倒在石頭上并且受了傷。
The hunter fired and the deer fell over dead .
獵人開槍了,鹿兒倒下死了。
三、同步測試
I選擇最佳答案
1. She seems to the People’s Park before .
A. be visiting B. have visited C. visit D. had visited
2. If you go to see the film , so I .
A. go B. am C. do D. will
3. He is not fit for the position . For one thing , he’s not received enough education . For he doesn’t work hard .
A. one other B. the second C. the other thing D. another
4. Worse , they lost their way in the forest .
A. still B. all C. also D. more
5. Please keep when I take the picture f you .
A. calm B. quietly C. still D. silently
6. Not asking of his friends to help , the boy did it by himself .
A. someone B. anyone C. anybody D. any one
7. I’ve written to my family, them about my school life here .
A. and tell B. to be told C. telling D. tell
8. “Please get yourselves for the coming exam” , the teacher said to the students.
A. to prepare B. prepared C. prepare D. preparing
9. Do you still remember the match we watched several months ago ?
A. for a time B. sometimes C. sometime D. at times
10.──When can you finish it ?
──It’s hard to say . I’ll finish it .
A. as fast as possible B. as soon as possible
C. as much as possible D. as possible as I can
11. It’s never easy to succeed hard work .
A. after B. unless C. without D. with
12. All the problems raised at the meeting were solved .
A. one from the other B. one to another
C. one by one D. one after one
13. What kind of did you see in the zoo ?
A. the new animal B. a new animal C. an animal D. new animal
14. He saw a boy running out the big tree .
A. from behind B. from C. around D. of
15. He likes doing his homework with the radio on .
A. to turn B. turning C. turned D. turn
16. Anyone who breaks the law can’t escape .
A. punishing B. being punished C. punished D. from punishing
17. The most interesting thing about this animal is it lives on .
A. how B. what C. which D. where
18. It was yesterday that I the news .
A. until , didn’t know B. not until , knew
C. until , knew D. not since , knew
19. The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply , and .
A. did Charlie so B. Charlie so did
C. so Charlie did D. so did Charlie
20. The needle of a compass(指南針)always the south .
A. refers at B. points at C. points to D. refers to
II完形填空
The United States is full of cars . There are still many families 1 cars , but some families have two or more . However , cars are used for 2 joy . They are a necessary part of 3 .
Cars are used for 4 . They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have 5 to get to their jobs . When 6 are sent to different parts of the city , They have to drive in order to 7 their goods , Farmers have to drive into cities in order to buy things .
Sometimes small children 8 be driven to school , In some cities school buses are used only 9 children who live more than a mile 10 school . When children are too young to walk 11 far , their 12 take turns to drive them to school , One mother drives on Monday , taking her own children and the 13 as well . Another mother drives on Tuesday , another on Wednesday 14 , So people say they 15 a car pool . Men also form car pools-three or four of them take turns to drive to the place 16 they all work .
More car pools should be formed in order to put 17 cars on the road and to use less oil . Car-leaving place is a great problem , and 18 is the over-busy road
科目 英語
年級 高二
文件 high2 unit13.doc
標(biāo)題 unit13
章節(jié) 第十三單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高二英語第十三單元
內(nèi)容
一、教學(xué)目的和要求
⒈單詞和詞組
ruler
L.49
四會
go on with the First World War wouldwide right(n.)
L.50
peace
work out stick(vi.) stick to ruler
L.51
course(n.)
L.52
communist professor
L.49
三會
scientific darkness shy content lead to discovery
L.50
cheque human right
prove bent respect leading sadness take sides(in)
L.51
fuel
advance advanced mathematics education
L.52
further education technical
Albert Einstein Alexander Bell
L.49
二會
the Nobel Prize bookmark
L.50
Swiss Hitler Jew
L.51
⒉日常交際用語:
Is it…? No, it’s not him/her Is he/she…?
Who is he/she? What did he do? It must be him/her
⒊語法:
學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句作語的用法。
二、重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)分析
Lesson 49
⒈I’m doing a word puzzle in this newspaper. 我正在猜報紙上的字謎。
puzzle意為“謎”,do a word puzzle or do a puzzle in words意為“猜字謎”。
這里的puzzle是名詞,作“難題”,“難以解釋的東西”講。
例如:The murder case was a puzzle to the police. 這樁謀殺案對警察局來說是一個難題。
puzzle也可以作動詞,意為“使人迷惑不解”。例如:
The murder case continued to puzzle the police.
這樁謀殺案仍使警察局迷惑不解。
⒉It must be him! 那肯定是他!
情態(tài)動詞must主要指“肯定”和“禁止”,前者用于肯定句,表示推測,后者用于否定句,表示禁止。例如:
My father must be watching TV now.
我爸爸現(xiàn)在肯定在看電視。
She must be in the classroom.
她肯定在教室里。
You mustn’t smoke in public places.
公共場所禁止吸煙。
Lesson 50
⒈When he was a young boy he used to ask lots of questions…
他小時候常常問許多問題…
used to do sth. 意為“過去常常做某事”
be used to doing sth. 意為“習(xí)慣于做某事”
be used to do sth. 意為“被用來干什么”
例如:I used to drink coffee in the evening, but now I am used to drinking coffee in the morning.
過去我常常晚上喝咖啡,但是現(xiàn)在我習(xí)慣于早上喝咖啡。
Computers can be used to do a lot of work nowadays.
如今計(jì)算機(jī)可用來做許多事。
⒉By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learned maths all by himself.
到十四歲時,他已經(jīng)自學(xué)了數(shù)學(xué)。
by與時間名詞連用時表示“到某時為止”,“不遲于…(時間)”
當(dāng)by后接將來時間時,句子時態(tài)用一般將來時或?qū)硗瓿蓵r;當(dāng)by后接過去時間時,句子時態(tài)用過去完成時。當(dāng)by后接現(xiàn)在時間時,句子時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時。
例如:
My mother will be back by 5 o’clock this afternoon.
今天下點(diǎn)五點(diǎn)以前我媽媽就回來了。
We had learned 2000 English words by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期期末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了2000個英語單詞。
By the end of this century, China will have become a more powerful and beautiful country in the world.
到本世紀(jì)末,中國將成為世界上更強(qiáng)大更美麗的國家。
By now, several bridges have been built over the Changjiang River.
到目前為止,長江上已經(jīng)建了好幾座橋。
⒊He found it hard to get along with the other boys.
他覺得很難與別的孩子相處。
在此句中,it為形容賓語,hard為賓語補(bǔ)足詞,真正的賓語是不定式短語to get along with the other boys.
在一個含有復(fù)合賓語(即:賓語+賓補(bǔ))的句子中,當(dāng)賓語是不定式短語或從句時,由于不定式短語或從句較長,所以常使用it作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語置于句尾,以保持句子的平衡。例如:
I found it difficult to learn French well.
我覺得學(xué)好法語是很難的。
They kept it quiet that he was dead.
對于他的死他們保密。
⒋All through his life Einstein was content to spend most of this time alone, although he married twice and had lots of close friends.
雖然愛因斯坦結(jié)過兩次婚,而且有很多親密的朋友,但是在整個一生中,他還是愿意獨(dú)自度過他的大部分時光。
content adj. 滿足的;滿意的;愿意的
be content with sth. 對…感到滿意
be content to do sth. 愿意做某事
She is content with her present job.
她對目前的工作很滿意。
I am always content with very little.
我總是很容易滿足。
I shall be well content to do so.
我很愿意這樣做。
⒌With the pay that he received and saved, he went on with his studies at university, where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905.
他用自己掙來和積存的錢繼續(xù)讀大學(xué),1905年在大學(xué)獲得博士學(xué)位。
⑴此句是復(fù)合句。其中包含兩個定語從句。
a: that he received and saved修飾the pay
b: where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905是非限定性定語從句,修飾university.
⑵receive意為“收到”,accept意為“接受”,二者的語義有別。例如:
I received her invitation last week, but I didn’t accept it.
上星期我收到她的請柬,但是我沒有接受。
⑶a doctor’s degree 博士學(xué)位
a master’s degree 碩士學(xué)位
a bachelor’s degree 學(xué)士學(xué)位
注意學(xué)位前的不定冠詞
receive/win/get a doctor’s degree/a master’s degree/a bachelor’s degree意為獲得博士/碩士/學(xué)士學(xué)位
Tom received a doctor’s degree in physics in Boston University last term.
上學(xué)期湯姆在波士頓大學(xué)獲得物理學(xué)博士學(xué)位。
⒍…h(huán)e began the research and studies which led to his new discoveries in physics.
…他開始了研究,這些研究使他在物理學(xué)方面有了新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
⑴which led to his new discoveries in physics是限定性定語從句,修飾先行詞組the research and studies
⑵lead to意為“引起”、“導(dǎo)致”、“造成”、“通向”
The car accident led to many deaths.
那次車禍?zhǔn)乖S多人喪生。
There is only one path leading to the forest.
只有一條小路通向森林。
Hard work and proper ways will lead you to success.
勤奮的工作和正確的方法會使你成功。
⒎In 1933 Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA.
1933年愛因斯坦和他的家人離開歐洲去美國。
leave for意為“動身到(某處)”介詞“for”表示目標(biāo),去向。
My father left for Guangzhou two days ago.
我父親兩天前動身去廣州了。
She left home for the railway station a few minutes ago.
幾分鐘前她離開家動身去火車站了。
⒏Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.
愛因斯坦在美國安靜地度過了他的余生。
⑴此句中的live是及物動詞,常用于live…a life結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“過著”(某種)生活。
例如:live a happy life 過著幸福的生活
live a hard life 過著艱苦的生活
live a miserable life 過著悲慘的生活
live a quiet life 過著寧靜的生活
They are used to living a quiet life in the country.
他們習(xí)慣在農(nóng)村過安靜的生活。
The children in the city are living a happy life.
城里的孩子們過著幸福愉快的生活。
⑵句中的rest意為“其余的(部分或人),其他的(部分或人)”,使用時須與the連用。
Pick out the good apples and throw away the rest.
挑出好蘋果,將其余的扔掉。
Some of the boys climbed the hill, the rest played games.
有些男孩爬山,其他的男孩做游戲。
⒐Besides his work in physics, he spent a lot of time working for human rights and progress.
除了在物理學(xué)方面的工作以外,他還花了大量的時間為人權(quán)和進(jìn)步而工作。
注意besides和except的區(qū)別
besides意為“除了…之外(還有),有肯定和附加的含義”
except意為“除了…之外(不包括本身在內(nèi)),有否定和排除的含義。”
例如:
Three girls went to the park besides Mary.
除了瑪麗外,還有三個女孩去了公園。(瑪麗去了公園,另外三個女孩也去了公園。)
All of us passed the maths exam besides Mike.
除了邁克外,我們大家也通過了數(shù)學(xué)考試。(邁克及格了,我們大家也及格了。)
All the girls went to the park except Mary.
除了瑪麗外,其他女孩都去了公園。(瑪麗沒去公園。)
All of us passed the maths exam except Mike.
除邁克外,我們大家都通過了數(shù)學(xué)考試。(邁克沒通過)
⒑It was said that he found in music the peace which was missing in a world full of wars and killlings.
據(jù)說他在音樂中找到了平靜,這種平靜在一個充滿戰(zhàn)爭與殺戮的世界里是沒有的。
⑴句中which was missing in a world full of wars and killings是限定性定語從句,修飾先行詞the peace.
⑵full of意為“充滿”。形容詞短語full of…作定語,放在其所修飾的名詞a world之后,a world full of wars and killings相當(dāng)于a world which was full of wars and killings. 例如:
He brought us a basket full of vegetables. 他帶給我們滿滿一藍(lán)子蔬菜。
⒒Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
愛因斯坦就是這樣一個人,一個質(zhì)樸的人,一位二十世紀(jì)最偉大的科學(xué)家。
此句是倒裝句。句中的such是代詞,作“這”或“這些”講。謂語動詞根據(jù)情況用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Such is my wish. 這就是我的愿望。
Such were his words. 這就是他講的話。
Such is the answer to the question. 這就是問題的答案。
Lesson 51
⒈But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research.
但是愛因斯坦堅(jiān)持自己的意見并繼續(xù)研究。
⑴動詞短語stick to意為“堅(jiān)持(意見,看法等)”,其中to是介詞,后跟名詞或代詞。例如:
No matter what you say, I will stick to my opinion.
不管你說什么,我會堅(jiān)持我的觀點(diǎn)。
I will stick to my work unitl it’s finished.
我會堅(jiān)持干我的工作,直到完成它。
⑵stick(stuck, stuck)既可以作動詞,也可以作名詞。意為“貼,粘”,“卡住,陷在…里(無法移動)”、“手杖”例如:
The old woman can not walk without a walking stick.
這位老太太沒有拐杖不能行走。
Don’t forget to stick a stamp on an envelope before you put it into the mail-box.
把信投進(jìn)信箱前別忘了在信封上貼上郵票。
The car stuck in the mud.
汽車陷入泥里了。
The key has stuck in the lock.
鑰匙卡在鎖里了。
⒉From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.
從那時起,愛因斯坦備受尊敬,被公認(rèn)為本世紀(jì)最杰出的科學(xué)家。
from that time on/from then on意為“從那時起”,常與過去時連用。
since that time/since then/ever since then意為“從那時起”,但與完成時連用。例如:
From then on he began to learn Russian.
從那時起,他開始學(xué)俄語。
Since then he has been writing poems.
從那時起,他一直在寫詩。
⒊…as Switzerland did not take sides in the war. ……由于瑞士在大戰(zhàn)中沒有參加戰(zhàn)爭的任何一方。
take sides with sb./take the side of sb. 同意某人,支持某人,和…站在一邊。例如:
Switzerland refused to take sides in world War II.
瑞士在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中拒絕參加任何一方。
He took sides with Mother against Father in the argument.
爭論中他站在母親一邊反對父親的意見。
⒋When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930s…….
二十世紀(jì)三十年代初期希特勒統(tǒng)治德國的時候……
in the early 1930s也可以寫成in the early 1930’s二十世紀(jì)三十年代初期
in the middle 1990s 二十世紀(jì)九十年代中期
in the late 1990s 二十世紀(jì)九十年代末期
⒌Grammer:Noun Clauses as the Subject
語法:名詞性從句:主語從句
用作主語的從句叫主語從句,它是名詞性從句這一。引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞有:連詞that,whether;連接代詞who,what和which;連接副詞when,where,how,why等等。例如:
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
他所希望看到的是,全世界的一切軍隊(duì)全都消亡。
What he has done has nothing to do with us.
他所做的事情與我們無關(guān)。
That there is life on another planet is almost impossible.
在另一個星期上有生命幾乎是不可能的。
Who killed the young man remains a question.
誰殺死了這個年輕人仍然是一個問題。
When we will hold the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
我們何時召開會議還沒有決定。
Whether we can control the floods is still uncertain.
我們能否控制住洪手還不能肯定。
Which team will win the football match is still unknown.
哪支隊(duì)會贏得足球賽還不知道。
Why he didn’t tell the truth wasn’t quite clear.
他為什么不說實(shí)話,還不清楚。
以上例句中的主語從句都是放在句首,但是,有時主語從句太長時,如果放在句首,會使句子顯得笨重。因此,我們常用it作形式主語,而把主語從句挪到后面去?捎胕t作形式主語的主語從句常見結(jié)構(gòu)有:
⒈It is+adj./n.+that-clause.
It’s a pity that… 遺憾的是……
It’s possible that… 可能是…….
⒉It is said/reported that……據(jù)說/據(jù)報道…
⒊It seems/happened that…似乎/碰巧……
例如:It is possible that he misunderstood what I said.
他可能誤解了我說的話。
It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods.
據(jù)報道洪水過后很多人無家可歸。
It happened that I was free that day.
碰巧那天我有空。
whatever,whoever也可以引導(dǎo)主語從句。
Whoever comes will be welcome. 無論誰來都會受到歡迎。
Whatever she did was right. 不管她做什么都是對的。
三、同步測試
(一)單項(xiàng)選擇
⒈Don’t always ______ your own opinion.
A.stick B. stick to C. stick in D. insist in
⒉His mistakes _____ his failure.
A. led to B. led of C. lead on D. lead for
⒊The Second World War broke out in _____ when Einstein was in ______.
A. the early 1940s; the USA B. 1937; Switzerland
C. the late 1930s; the USA D. the thirties; France
⒋My sister ______ an invitation but she didn’t _____ it.
A. accepted; receive B. received; accepted
C. accepted; accept D. received; accept
⒌By the time I ______ the bus station, the bus _______.
A. got to/left B. reached/has left
C. arrived/has gone D. left/arrived
⒍_____ five years _____ the book about pollution.
A. It spent him/to finish B. It spent him/finishing
C. He spent/finishing D. He spent/to finish
⒎Facing this _____ problem, I found myself _____ about how to work it out.
A. puzzled; puzzled B. puzzled; puzzling
C. puzzling; puzzled D. puzzling; puzzling
⒏In the daytime the stars are not seen to twinkle ______.
A. in a apace B. in the space C. in space D. on space
⒐______, paper was first made in China.
A. It is known to all B. We all know
C. It is known that D. As it known to all
⒑______ we will go to the beach tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. Why B. If C. Where D. Whether
⒒Nobody knew _______.
A. where he comes B. where he was from
C. where he is from D. where does he come from
⒓Computers can only give out _____ has been stored in them.
A. that B. which C. what D. anything
⒔She wanted to know ______.
A. whether I knew her and where did she work.
B. if I knew her and the factory she worked there.
C. whether I knew her and the factory she worked.
D. if I know her and the factory where she worked.
⒕It doesn’t matter _____ I rest or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
⒖The trouble is ______ we are short of tools.
A. what B. that C. how D. which
⒗That is ______ there appears a rainbow in the sky.
A. what B. when C. why D. however
⒘The thought ______ he might fail in the final exam worried him.
A. which B. that C. when D. /
⒙_____ I will accept the gift is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. What D. Which
⒚_____ wants the book many have it.
A. who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
⒛The problem is _____ will go.
A. that B. that who C. who D. whoever
(二)閱讀理解
A
In the year 2000, the world is going to have a population of about 8 billion(十億). Most scientists agree that the most severe problem is food supply.
Who is going to feed all those people? Where is the food going to come from? Are we going to have enough food? Are we going to produce more artificial(人選的) food?
One way of improving the situation is for people to eat less meat. Why? Because it takes 4 kilos(公斤) of grain protein(蛋白質(zhì)) to produce half a kilo of meat protein. Clearly, there is not going to be sufficient meat protein for 8 billion people. Gherefore, it will also necesssary to change eating habits because meat is the main part of many people’s food today.
A possible solution to this latter problem is the soybean.(大豆) The soybean plant produces beans which have a very high fat and proteim content. Scientists can now make these look and taste like real meat. They can also make many other artificial products such as soybean milk, for example, which has a taste of milk and can be used in cooking in very much he same ways as cow’s milk. In fact, one woman in the United States fed her family only on soybeans for year! She gave them soybean beef, soybean chicken, soybean milk, and sometimes just soybeans. Possibly, we are all going to eat soybeans in the future and finally give up meat completely from our tables.
⒈What is the main subject of the passage?
A. A solution to man’s food problem.
B. A solution to the population problem.
C. Advantages of soybean.
D. How to develop good eating habits.
⒉According to the passage, meat will completely disappear in the future because _____.
A. people have to spend too much time energy to produce it
B. too much grain protein is needed to produce it
C. it contains too much fat and protein
D. it is no good to the health
⒊According to the passage, the main part of food that many people are eating today is ____.
A. soybeans B. grain C. meat D. milk
⒋In this passage, “artificial food” refers to food made from _____.
A. milk B. grain C. protein D. soybeans
⒌Soybean meat is similar to real meat _____.
A. in appearance but not in taste.
B. neither in appearance nor in taste.
C. both in appearance and in taste.
D. in taste, but not in appearance.
B
It is true that times are changing for the old people in Brtain. But not all the changes are bad ones. Modern medicine, for example, has made old people healthier than ever before. Aother advantage is that there are many more old people than there used to be. This means that old people often have a good social life with their own clubs and organizations. Old people, too, have more money now than their own parents and grandparents had.
The biggest disadvantage of modem life is loneliness. The young leave home when they grow up and many old people live alone. Fewer old people have brothers and sisters. An old person’s one or two children may have moved to another part of the country.
Even when they live nearby, the young people have their own work to do and their own children to look after. They have not much time for the old. Problems of loneliness often start when people stop work. When people retire they often find it difficult to start a new life without their jobs.
The world has changed so fast since 1900 that it is difficult for old people to understand the problems of the young. And the world is changing even faster these days than it was fifty years ago. It makes you thing, doesn’t it? What will it be like when today’s young people are old?
⒈To the old people, the changes in society are ______.
A. better than they expected
B. not as good as they wish
C. both good and bad
D. difficult to understand
⒉According to this passage, the old people today ______.
A. often go to clubs with their brothers and sisters
B. prefer lonely life to social life
C. live more happily than their parents and grandparents
D. like to share their feelings and thoughts with other people
⒊Although some old people live near their sons or daughters, ______.
A. they still feel lonely
B. they want to move to other places
C. they have no time to look after the young people’s children
D. they like to live with their own brothers and sisters
⒋In the last century, old people did not have so many problems because ______.
A. they had big families
B. they lived with their children
C. the young were king to the old
D. the society didn’t change so rapidly
⒌What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Modern society only belongs to the young.
B. Modern life has brought new problems to the old.
C. Today’s young people are happier than their parents.
D. It is necessary to take better care of the old people.
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