2、-ing形式與過去分詞的區(qū)別:
(1)語態(tài)不同:-ing形式表示主動概念,及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說;the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾。
(2)時間關系不同:現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進行中的動作,而過去分詞所表示的動作,往往是已經完成的動作,如:The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界;the changed world已經起了變化的世界。
練習、非謂語動詞(三)
1、過去分詞的基本用法:過去分詞只有一種形式,也沒有主動語態(tài),它所表示的動作是一個被動的或是已完成的動作。過去分詞在句中也可用作定語、表語、賓語或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時,其邏輯主語一般為該分詞所表示的動作的承受者,如:
(1)作定語:過去分詞作定語時,如果這個分詞是一個單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是分詞短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞,就是該分詞的邏輯主語,如:The stolen car was found by the police last week.
(2)作表語:過去分詞作表語時,表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài),其邏輯主語就是句中的主語,如:The glass is broken.這個玻璃杯是破的。 注:過去分詞作表語時,和動詞的被動語態(tài)結構相似,但兩者表達的意義不同,如:The glass was broken by my little brother.這個玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞,如:crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
(3)作賓語補足語:過去分詞作賓語補足語時,句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語,如:When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注:動詞have后的復合賓語中,賓語補足語如為過去分詞,常表示該分詞所表示的動作是由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找別人)把我的自行車給修了。
(4)作狀語:過去分詞作狀語時,相當于一個狀語從句,該結構的邏輯主語一般都是主句的主語,是過去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語。為了使作狀語的過去分詞意義更加明確,常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞,如:Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.(we是該結構的邏輯主語,是give的邏輯賓語。)
獨立主格:上述-ing和過去分詞的用法中,-ing和過去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語,但有時它們也能有自己的獨立的主語,這種獨立的主語,一般為名詞或代詞,位于其前之前,和-ing或過去分詞構成獨立主格。獨立主格在句中一般只作狀語用,而-ing和過去分詞作用的形式,則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的時間關系而定。至于獨立主格中是使用-ing或是過去分詞,則要根據(jù)它們的主語和其所表示的動作的主動被動關系而定,如:The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注:The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①獨立結構中的being或having been?墒∪,如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴隨狀語的獨立結構?捎脀ith短語來代替,如:She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
40. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ______.
A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken
語法復習十二:非謂語動詞(三)--過去分詞
(三)過去分詞:
39. The girl couldn't_____ how red his face was.
A. help to notice B. be helping to notice C. be helping noticing D. help noticing
38. Your mother and I are looking forward________ you.
A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to see D. to seeing
37. I'd ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
A. rather not have B. rather not to have C. not rather had D. rather not having
36. Would you please ______ write on the textbooks?
A. don't B. not to C. not D. to not
35. Tommy had his big brother _____ his shoes for him.
A. to tie B. tie C. tied D. tying
34. Does your new secretary ____ short hand?
A. know to take B. know how to take C. know how take D. know how taking
33. Your flat needs _____ . Would you like me it for you?
A. to clean, to do B. cleaning, doing C. cleaning, to do D. to be cleaned, doing
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