4.though (although)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,because 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句, 所以though(although)不能和并列連詞but ,because 不能和并列連詞 so一起使用。只能單獨(dú)使用。
3.從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句不可以與主句斷開。
例如:When the alarm clock rang. (不完整)
2.從屬連詞,如that, whether, when, because, though等,用以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。
(一)并列連詞和從屬連詞的用法
連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為:
1.并列連詞,如:and, or, but, so for, 等, 連接并列的詞與詞,短語與短語,句子與句子。
例如:Rice and potatoes are common foods. (詞與詞)
Today we can travel by plane or by train. (短語與短語)
Many trees lose their leaves in winter, but evergreen trees do not. ( 句子與句子)
關(guān)聯(lián)連詞是一類成對使用的連詞
例如:both……and……, not……but…….
not only……but also…… not only…but… as well
either……or…… neither……nor……
關(guān)聯(lián)連詞必須后接同樣的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:Either the windows or the door was open .
(四)常用介詞用法比較
(1)as , like
as 表示“作為”強(qiáng)調(diào)身份,like (介詞)表示“像”
As a teacher, he cares for these children.
Like a teacher, he cares for these children.
(2)with , in
with 表示“外貌特征或附帶的東西” ,“ 用……作工具”
in 表示”衣著” ,用某語言,也用in
A man with dark glasses wanted to buy drinks.
A man in black wanted to buy drinks.
The boy is learning to write in pencil / with a pencil.
He retold the text in English.
(3)for , to
for表示“為了.”
to 表示動作對象, “對, 向”, 如:
He would do anything for his motherland.
Did you mention this to my father?
你對我父親提起過這件事嗎?
for 表示“就某情況而說 ”, to 表示“對某對象而言”如:
It’s quite warm today for February.就二月的天氣,今天夠暖和的。
What he told you just now was not new to me。
他剛才對你所說的話對我并不新鮮。
for 表示“目的,用途”。與go, come 動詞連用。
(4)except , besides
except 表示“從總體中排除一部分”, 與but 同義, besides 表示“除了一部分還有另一部分”
We all failed except him. 我們都失敗了,但他沒有。
He speaks German besides French.. 除法語外, 他還會講英語。
(5)注意成對介詞的用法:
get into (out of ) the car, jump onto (off) the platform, out of
(6)介詞和名詞動詞等有不少固定搭配和習(xí)慣用法:
to one’s surprise / joy, in charge of , instead of, in bed (hospital), in trouble, in a hurry, in surprise, with a smile, with one voice, according to, at once, on time, in time, in all, at last, at least, in the end, by the way, for example, at the same time, at the same speed, on one’s way (to), in the sun, on the football team, in line, with the help of, in red / green ,put on, look for, look after, run after, send for, enter for, pay for, show…around, listen to, arrive in / at, get to, agree with, succeed in, think of (about), wait for,…
(三)表示運(yùn)動方向的介詞
(1)into, inside , in 從外到內(nèi) , 如:
He went quickly into / inside the room.
He went quickly out of / outside the room.
(2)out of 從里到外,相當(dāng)于outside, 或從里向外,相當(dāng)于from
She went out of the office in a hurry 她匆匆走出辦公室。
The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window .
這男孩透過窗觀看外面的公交車、小汽車和自行車。
(3)on 在……表面,onto 到……上
A boat is on the river. 一條小船在河上。
He jumped onto a tree. 他跳上一棵樹。
(4)across 穿過一平面,through 穿過一空間
The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass.
這男孩用力踢球,球飛過草地。
The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火車飛駛穿過隧道。
(5)to ,towards 朝……去
She walked to the bank. 她步行到銀行去。
She swam towards the shore. 她朝岸邊游去。
(二)表示事物位置的介詞
(1)at, in
當(dāng)事物被視作一點(diǎn),不強(qiáng)調(diào)其空間常用介詞at。而表示空間內(nèi)部用介詞in, 如:
We’ll meet at the supermarket .我們在超市見面
I had to stay in the supermarket as it was raining hard.
因?yàn)橄麓笥,我只好呆在超市?/p>
*動詞arrive 后接at ,表示較小的地方, 如: 車站、村莊等;后接in 表示較大地方,如: 城市,地區(qū)等。
(2)in, to
in 表示事物在區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的位置,to 表示事物相對區(qū)域范圍之外另一事物的位置,如:
Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中國東部
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國東面。
in front of 表示在前面,一般不在范圍內(nèi),in the front of 表示在前部,在同一范圍內(nèi)。
(3)after, behind
after 指順序先后 ,behind 指位置在某事物之后,相對于in front of 而言, 如:
He entered the classroom after the teacher
He hid himself behind the door。 他躲在門后。
(4)on , in
on 表示“在某物表面上”。如將物看作空間,表示在其內(nèi)部,用介詞in。
There is a modern painting on the wall .
墻上有一副現(xiàn)代油畫。(指掛在墻上)
There is a modern painting in the wall .
墻上有一副現(xiàn)代油畫。(指畫在墻上)
(5)from , off 都表示“離開”
(6)above , over, below , under
over , under 表示垂直的上下關(guān)系,而above, below 僅表示位置上“高于”或“低于”, 不表示垂直關(guān)系。
(7)between, among
between 表示“兩個事物之間”, among 表示“三者以上的事物之間”。
3.不用介詞表示時間的詞或詞組
含this, that, last, next 等表示時間的名詞詞組,以及某些時間的副詞或名詞詞組前不用介詞,如:this year,last summer, yesterday , the day after tomorrow 等。
2.表示某一時間的介詞
(1)at, on
at 表示某一時刻,on 表示某一天或日期, 如:
at 7:14, on Saturday morning on the night of May 2
一天內(nèi)各段時間表達(dá), 須選用正確的介詞,請比較:
in the morning
on a winter / snow / cold / morning
at night
on the night of March 7th
in the evening
on Friday evening
(2)before, by
before 表示某一時間之前,而by 表示到某一時間止,句中謂語動詞多用完成時態(tài)。如:
You must get up before six. 你必須六點(diǎn)之前起床。
By the end of last month the boy had got 4 “As”.
到上月底這個男孩已得了4個A.
(3)after , since
after 可以表示過去某一點(diǎn)時間之后,通常和一般過去時連用,而since表示從過去某時間開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間, 與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,如;
My father lived in Shanghai after liberation .
解放后我父親住在上海.
Since the end of last year the lady has given five concerts.
自去年年底以來,這位女士開了五場音樂會。
(4)from…to, until / till
from----to表示從某一點(diǎn)時間到另一點(diǎn)時間的一段時間,而until 或till 表示某動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到某點(diǎn)時間。如:
My mother studied in Beijing University from 1960 to 1964.
從1960年到1964年我媽媽在北京大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。
My mother entered Beijing University in 1960, and studied there until 1964.
我媽媽1960年進(jìn)入北京大學(xué),一直學(xué)習(xí)到1964年。
(一)表示時間的介詞
1.表示時間段的介詞
(1)in , after
in +時間段,表示從現(xiàn)在起往后推算一段時間
after +時間段,表示過去某時間往后推算一段時間,如:
He’ll come back in two days. 但鐘點(diǎn)用after( after three o’clock)
He left on July 2 and returned after three days.
(2)in , during 表示在一段特指的時間內(nèi),可用in 或during
The work was done in / during the holidays. 表示年份、月份、季節(jié)用in , 如:in 1999 ,in June , in winter
(3)for the past + 時間段, during
表示在最近一段時間內(nèi),句中謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時
I have been in Shanghai in the last few years.
(4)for 表示延續(xù)一段時間
I’ll study in the U.S for two years.
I’ve waited for Bingo for half an hour.
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