2009年高考散文閱讀考題設(shè)置方式及答題技巧⑴
――分析作品結(jié)構(gòu)，概括作品主題
《語(yǔ)文考試大綱》明確要求：“了解散文的基本特征及主要表現(xiàn)手法。文學(xué)作品閱讀鑒賞，注重審美體驗(yàn)。感受形象，品味語(yǔ)言，領(lǐng)悟內(nèi)涵，分析藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力；理解作品反映的社會(huì)生活和情感世界，探索作品蘊(yùn)含的民族心理和人文精神�！�
⑴分析作品結(jié)構(gòu)，概括作品主題
所謂“作品結(jié)構(gòu)”指文章內(nèi)部的組織和結(jié)構(gòu)、線索、脈絡(luò)、層次與段落過(guò)渡照應(yīng)、開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往體現(xiàn)了作者的思想，這里的思路是指作者寫(xiě)作時(shí)思維發(fā)展的線索，先寫(xiě)什么，再寫(xiě)什么，最后寫(xiě)什么，都有一定的邏輯關(guān)系。一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是寫(xiě)作思路的體現(xiàn)。而考題也是以要求考生分析思路為考查形式的。
所謂“作品的主題”是作品中所表現(xiàn)的中心思想，即作者要告訴人們的最主要的意思，包含了作者的思想觀點(diǎn)和寫(xiě)作意圖。對(duì)主題的概括必須立足于對(duì)整篇文章的理解與把握。
考查的主要形式:
1、文章是如何逐層展開(kāi)的
2、文段層次安排的作用是什么
3、文段層次的劃分
4、文章的主旨是什么
5、文段的主要內(nèi)容有哪些
【方法小結(jié)】
如何分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)
1、整體感知是把握結(jié)構(gòu)的第一步。接到一篇就要按部就班地去讀。邊讀邊給每個(gè)自然小節(jié)標(biāo)上序號(hào)，已備下面做題之用。
2、圈點(diǎn)勾畫(huà)中心句、過(guò)渡句。在閱讀過(guò)程中要特別關(guān)注文章的開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾，每一段的起始句、收束句，這些地方往往被作者安排上中心句，以起到總領(lǐng)或收束內(nèi)容的作用。
3、總結(jié)每自然段的段意。在找出中心句后，分析綜合一個(gè)自然段表達(dá)的意思，給每一個(gè)段來(lái)一個(gè)總結(jié)或文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次關(guān)系的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。
譬如“首先”“其次”“第一”“第二”之類(lèi)的表示順序的詞語(yǔ)。還有“一方面”“另一方面”之類(lèi)的范圍詞。同時(shí)還要注意分號(hào)、冒號(hào)、句號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用。
4、在找出標(biāo)志性的詞語(yǔ)、句子后，結(jié)合每個(gè)段落的段意，把相同相近意思的段落合并，即所謂合并同類(lèi)項(xiàng)。
5、要高度重視段與段之間的銜接，尤其要重視段落的起始句與上文的聯(lián)系。對(duì)于重疊詞語(yǔ)、重復(fù)詞亦應(yīng)重視。
例1（2006年高考天津卷）的第16題
閱讀下文，完成第15－19題。
說(shuō)村落 閻連科
村落在今天似乎已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)符號(hào)。人們把村落、村莊、鄉(xiāng)村等而視之，籠統(tǒng)解釋為農(nóng)民們聚居的地方。但若仔細(xì)辯認(rèn)，村落、村莊、鄉(xiāng)村似乎應(yīng)該有些什么差別，比如說(shuō)鄉(xiāng)村必然是在偏僻的鄉(xiāng)下，而村莊就有可能獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)在繁鬧城市。許多大都市里至今還有村莊的存在，但那村莊里的主人卻已不是農(nóng)民了。然而，這些好像都不重要，人們都不會(huì)去刨根問(wèn)底，重要的是農(nóng)民聚居的地方和那個(gè)地方的人。
你走在山脈上，陽(yáng)光斜斜地照著，山梁上除了嘎嘎不止的烏鴉就是徐徐晃動(dòng)的樹(shù)，這時(shí)候口也渴了，而回答你的是荒涼無(wú)垠的黃褐褐干裂的田地。恰就在這時(shí)你聽(tīng)到了井上轆轤的嘰咕聲，水淋淋的，明亮而又清麗，心中一震，轉(zhuǎn)身看到一凹山腰上有幾間、幾十間草房，掩映在樹(shù)木間，仿佛臥在樹(shù)蔭下疲累的牛――這個(gè)時(shí)候，你心里叫出了村落二字，開(kāi)始對(duì)村落有了一些真正的了解。
再或，你走在南方稻田的埂上，沉浸在一種詩(shī)意里，唐人的詩(shī)句、宋人的詞句如春風(fēng)一樣掠過(guò)你的心頭。放眼良田萬(wàn)畝，正為“東風(fēng)染盡三千頃，白鷺飛來(lái)無(wú)處�！钡目鋸埜械劫N切時(shí)，一陣烏云先自來(lái)了。于是，你驚了手腳，在田埂上跑得東倒西歪。也就這個(gè)當(dāng)兒，從哪兒劃出一條小船，先遞你一張荷葉頂在頭上，趕著雨水到來(lái)之前，把你載到了一叢草房的檐下。這個(gè)時(shí)刻，你心里哐咚一聲，忽然更加明了村落的含義。
實(shí)際說(shuō)，村落的真正意義，并不僅僅就是農(nóng)民居住的地方這一點(diǎn)。村落應(yīng)該還有一種精神，一種溫馨，一種微微的甘甜。村落是和城市相對(duì)應(yīng)的存在，對(duì)于農(nóng)民，它給予他們居住、生活的必需，而對(duì)于都市，它給予溫暖和詩(shī)意。它既是一種物質(zhì)存在，又是一種精神存在。我們可以從村落中找到農(nóng)民、房舍、樹(shù)木、耕牛和雞羊，同時(shí)也應(yīng)該找到農(nóng)民自身生存的艱辛和對(duì)外人所付出的溫馨。古文人怕是最能體味村落的含義的，無(wú)論是李、杜、白還是“八大家”，他們對(duì)村落的理解，都濃含了“愁滋味”。可輪到我們，卻偏頗得很，不僅沒(méi)有了對(duì)農(nóng)民的“愁味兒”，連詩(shī)境也剩下不多了。單單地寫(xiě)出愁苦來(lái)，那不是村落，而是村落中的人，單單地寫(xiě)出溫馨來(lái)，那也不是村落，那是村落表面的詩(shī)境。到了今天，村落剩下的就是一個(gè)符號(hào)，就是聚居農(nóng)民的某個(gè)地方。所看到和理解的是新樓瓦舍，而農(nóng)民那千古以來(lái)一成不變的生存形式和給別人的溫馨、對(duì)自己的麻木和忍耐，卻被人們從村落中刪去了。
連我自己，做小說(shuō)的時(shí)候，對(duì)于鄉(xiāng)村的描繪，也是不斷重復(fù)著抄襲別人的說(shuō)法：“站在山梁上望去，村落、溝壑、林地、河流清晰得如在眼前”，或說(shuō)“模糊得如它們都沉在霧中”。而實(shí)際上，村落真正是個(gè)什么，溝壑的意義又是什么，河流在今天到底是什么樣兒，我這個(gè)自認(rèn)為是地道的農(nóng)民的所謂作家，是果真地模糊得如它們都沉在霧中了。
我不敢說(shuō)別人什么，而我自己，或多或少，總是感到一種內(nèi)疚的。我們對(duì)村落意義的刪節(jié)，并不單單是因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)發(fā)展所致，更重要的，是我們對(duì)農(nóng)民的背叛。只有在大都市住膩的當(dāng)兒，我們才會(huì)想到村落，而想到的那個(gè)村落，除了田園的詩(shī)情，對(duì)農(nóng)民的愁情是決然不會(huì)有的。這是當(dāng)今社會(huì)中村落的悲哀，而對(duì)于村落以外的人，是什么也談不上的，或幸或悲。
15、如何理解“村落在今天似乎已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)符號(hào)”的含意？（2分）
【答案】村落的真正意義在今天被許多人淡忘了，似乎僅僅只是農(nóng)民居住的地方。
16、文章以“說(shuō)村落”為標(biāo)題，就文章構(gòu)思而言，作者對(duì)“村落”是如何“說(shuō)”開(kāi)去的？（4分）
【答案】1）由村落的符號(hào)化和含義的模糊引出話題。
（2）再以事例形象地說(shuō)明村落的含義。
（3）由村落的居住說(shuō)到村落的精神。
（4）聯(lián)系自己和當(dāng)下社會(huì)，反思村落精神的被遺忘。
或：引題――事例――拓展――反思
【解析】本文的標(biāo)題“村落”是全文敘述的核心，而且“村落”精神又是全文的線索。第一段引出關(guān)于村落的話題，主要通過(guò)村落的符號(hào)及其含義的模糊引出的，第二三段寫(xiě)村和水村，第四段是拓展，第五六段是反思。
17、根據(jù)全文，概括說(shuō)明作者眼中“村落”的完整含義。（4分）
【答案】（1）農(nóng)民的居住地。（2）詩(shī)意與溫馨。（3）愁苦與艱苦。 （4）對(duì)自己的麻木與忍耐。
18、作者說(shuō)“我這個(gè)自認(rèn)為是地道的農(nóng)民的所謂作家”，對(duì)“村落”也“模糊得如它們都沉在霧中了”，聯(lián)系上下文說(shuō)明這樣寫(xiě)采用了什么表現(xiàn)手法？有什么好處？（6分）
答案：（1）表現(xiàn)手法：①對(duì)比。②反諷。 （2）好處：深化主題。
19、文章中說(shuō)：“這是當(dāng)今社會(huì)中村落的悲哀，而對(duì)于村落以外的人，是什么也談不上的，或幸或悲�！边@蘊(yùn)含著作者什么樣的情感態(tài)度？你怎樣看待村落的命運(yùn)？（6分）
【答案】（1）作者的情感態(tài)度： ①對(duì)當(dāng)今村落的處境表示同情與遺憾；對(duì)“村落以外的人”的態(tài)度感到迷惑與無(wú)奈。 ②喚起人們對(duì)村落命運(yùn)的關(guān)注和思考。 （2）略
2009年高考散文閱讀考題設(shè)置方式及答題技巧2
――有關(guān)布局謀篇的題型
提問(wèn)方式：某句（段）話在文中有什么作用？
答題模式：
a. 文首：開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題；照應(yīng)題目；總領(lǐng)全文；渲染氣氛，埋下伏筆；設(shè)置懸念，為下文作輔墊。
b. 文中：承上啟下；總領(lǐng)下文；總結(jié)上文；呼應(yīng)前文。
c. 文末：點(diǎn)明中心；升華感情，深化主題；照應(yīng)開(kāi)頭，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)；畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛；言有盡而意無(wú)窮
示例：我怕我父親，他打我是真打。看著他瞪圓了眼，一步一步逼近，還不敢躲，繃緊了肌肉等著，于是一巴掌扇過(guò)來(lái)，于是腦袋嗡的一聲……（節(jié)選自韓羽《父子之間的怯意》）
問(wèn)：請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)析第一自然段（即上文）在作品中的作用。
答：（1）為下文寫(xiě)父親對(duì)“我”的愛(ài)作反襯；（2）為文末寫(xiě)父親對(duì)“我”的怯意作鋪墊；（3）照應(yīng)了“父子之間的怯意”這個(gè)題目。
結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)題型
提問(wèn)方式：某兩個(gè)或三個(gè)詞的順序能否調(diào)換？為什么？
答題模式：不能。因?yàn)椋?）與人們認(rèn)識(shí)事物的規(guī)律（由淺入深、由表入里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）不一致（2）該詞與上文是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系（3）這些詞是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，表達(dá)了……
考查方式：針對(duì)文章中段落的作用命題。
技巧點(diǎn)撥：(1)確認(rèn)指定段落在行文中的位置。(2)明確段落的作用，明確答題的方向(一般從內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)角度人手)。比如開(kāi)頭段統(tǒng)攝全篇。領(lǐng)起下文，渲染氣氛，奠定基調(diào)；過(guò)渡段承上啟下；結(jié)尾段呼應(yīng)前文，深化主旨，卒章顯志。(3)結(jié)合段落位置及在文章中所起作用作答。
解題示例：(1)[2006年上海卷第12題]首尾兩段在文中的作用和寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)是什么?請(qǐng)加以評(píng)析。
附原文首尾兩段：
世紀(jì)之星隕落了，隕落在世紀(jì)終結(jié)的前夜。她的使命已經(jīng)完成，她整整燃燒了一百年!她以不竭的熱情在自己擁有的一角天空，默默地放射自己的光和熱，溫暖著、滋潤(rùn)著人們的心靈，教他們?nèi)绾螑?ài)、如何為弱小者和善良者獻(xiàn)出心力，既不高調(diào)，亦不卑微，一百年不間斷，以一以貫之的從容和平淡，燃燒自己，燭照世間。這樣的人，在這一百年中。即使不是僅見(jiàn)，恐怕也是極為罕見(jiàn)的。
斗轉(zhuǎn)星移，歲月不居，冰心走完她的百年人生長(zhǎng)途，離我們遠(yuǎn)去了。但她在我們的心目中始終是一顆不倦地燃燒著的星。這顆星已燃燒了一百年!她留給我們的精神財(cái)富，值得整個(gè)民族永遠(yuǎn)珍惜。
[答]首尾呼應(yīng)，末段是首段的延伸和升華；感情真摯，集中抒發(fā)了作者對(duì)冰心的崇敬之情；以詩(shī)意的語(yǔ)言高度概括了冰心對(duì)后代的影響和作用。
(2)[2006年北京卷第20題]本文生動(dòng)地刻畫(huà)了一個(gè)“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”形象。你認(rèn)為第一段和第二段對(duì)“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”的描寫(xiě)各有什么側(cè)重?這兩段的內(nèi)容有什么關(guān)系?
附原文開(kāi)頭兩段：
“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”是我母親送給我先生的雅號(hào)，他敬受不辭。說(shuō)他是“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”，自然與書(shū)有緣。先生在高校從事教學(xué)與研究逾卅五載，家中藏書(shū)少說(shuō)也有兩萬(wàn)冊(cè)。當(dāng)我們還住在舊居時(shí)，已是書(shū)滿為患，但先生視為珍寶，待若上賓，并且任其喧賓奪主，幾乎占領(lǐng)了家庭所有領(lǐng)土，連電視對(duì)面的沙發(fā)上也常常堆滿了書(shū)，于是吾家有電而無(wú)視久矣。好不容易盼到遷移新居，“分居”的書(shū)籍終于統(tǒng)一歸置到頂天立地的大書(shū)架里了，我還特意給先生買(mǎi)了一張非常寬大的寫(xiě)字臺(tái)，好讓他有個(gè)寬松、舒適的讀書(shū)寫(xiě)作之地。然而好景不長(zhǎng)。不知覺(jué)之間。寫(xiě)字臺(tái)四周又摞滿了書(shū)，形成高高矮矮的“書(shū)筍”，光潔的臺(tái)面不久也被各種書(shū)稿覆蓋，連喝水杯也沒(méi)有容身之地。對(duì)此“慘”狀。我實(shí)在目不忍睹。一日趁他外出。我花了兩個(gè)小時(shí)整理寫(xiě)字臺(tái)，自以為替他辦成了一件好事。殊不知。我的整理反而打亂了他的秩序――他按照自己的習(xí)慣去找東西，可東西已經(jīng)被我變亂了“東西”，他找不到，便自嘲道：“看來(lái)我這是‘意識(shí)先于存在’�！币�(jiàn)此問(wèn)題已上升到哲學(xué)的高度，我從此不敢再替他整理寫(xiě)字臺(tái)了。
先生的藏書(shū)不僅耗盡了他大半生的積蓄，也耗去了他大半生的時(shí)間。從日出到日落，從周一到周七，從春夏到秋冬，只要他在家，除了吃飯、睡覺(jué)，便可以不挪窩兒地讀他那些永遠(yuǎn)讀不完也永遠(yuǎn)讀不厭的書(shū)。母親關(guān)于“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”的靈感大抵由此而來(lái)。即使是旅途中，他與書(shū)的關(guān)系也難以“離間”。記得有一次他與幾位同道乘火車(chē)去外地開(kāi)會(huì)，我特意買(mǎi)了一副撲克給他帶上，供他們一路消遣。出差回來(lái)他連聲向我道謝。原來(lái)他一上車(chē)，便把撲克送給別人玩，自己卻借此抽身去讀書(shū)了。我曾經(jīng)問(wèn)他：如今商海大潮洶涌澎湃，讀書(shū)人是否知道錢(qián)多的好處、生活享受的樂(lè)處?他抬頭望了望我，不無(wú)歉意地說(shuō)：“知道，怎么不知道�？晌覀冞@一代起碼被耽誤了十年讀書(shū)和研究的時(shí)間，只有全力拼命趕才行啊。”說(shuō)完，仍埋頭讀書(shū)。從此，我也不好再用這樣的問(wèn)題為難他了。有時(shí)，看到一些商界朋友“婦唱夫隨”，雙雙出入于各種消費(fèi)與娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所，我也不免有點(diǎn)失落。但有一點(diǎn)，我心里是篤定的：我的這位仁兄決不會(huì)有外遇，只要他有書(shū)。為了節(jié)省一切時(shí)間來(lái)讀書(shū)、研究。他甚至不愿裝修新居，說(shuō)是裝修好了，就得打掃、維護(hù)，時(shí)間花得太不值，末了還引經(jīng)據(jù)典道：“這就叫做‘不為物役’�！蔽抑缓脽o(wú)可奈何地回他一句：“但為書(shū)癡�！�
(肖融《給“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”當(dāng)夫人》)
[答]第一問(wèn)：第一段著重寫(xiě)“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”如何愛(ài)書(shū)，第二段主要寫(xiě)“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”怎樣愛(ài)讀書(shū)。第二問(wèn)：從“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”愛(ài)書(shū)，進(jìn)一步寫(xiě)到他愛(ài)讀書(shū)(研究、寫(xiě)書(shū))，兩段描寫(xiě)逐步深化，豐富了“書(shū)蟲(chóng)”的形象。
示例：“記�。合胝急阋说娜�，往往占不到便宜！”父親指著碗里的荷包蛋告誡兒子……“記住，想占便宜的人，可能要吃虧！”父親指著蛋教訓(xùn)兒子說(shuō)……“不想占便宜的人，生活也不會(huì)讓他吃虧！”父親意味深長(zhǎng)的對(duì)兒子說(shuō)。（節(jié)選自《荷包蛋》）
問(wèn)：文中的“告誡”“教訓(xùn)”“意味深長(zhǎng)”三個(gè)詞的順序能否調(diào)換？為什么？
答：不能。因?yàn)槲闹羞@三個(gè)詞語(yǔ)是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，表達(dá)了父親對(duì)兒子的關(guān)愛(ài)之情。
2009年高考散文閱讀考題設(shè)置方式及答題技巧3
――如何概括文章的主題
1、高度關(guān)注標(biāo)題、開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾
標(biāo)題是文章的窗口，是文章的眼睛，透過(guò)這個(gè)窗口，我們就能比較簡(jiǎn)便地“窺探”散文的“心靈”――中心。例如:2005年重慶卷《陽(yáng)臺(tái)上的遺憾》，中心就是“遺憾”;2006年廣東卷《夕陽(yáng)透人書(shū)房》、2006年全國(guó)1《陽(yáng)光的香味》看標(biāo)題就能讓人窺見(jiàn)其中的滋味。
開(kāi)頭的幾種模式：
（1）欲揚(yáng)先抑；
（2）先言他事他物，從一種現(xiàn)象起筆引入；
（3）對(duì)比、映襯；
這幾種開(kāi)頭都是巧妙地引起下文，為下文作鋪墊；有時(shí)還具有增添情趣、引起讀者興趣的作用。問(wèn)題常設(shè)置為“文章開(kāi)頭這樣寫(xiě)（安排）有什么作用？”答時(shí)基本可分三步進(jìn)行：首先答出這是一種什么手法，然后答這種表現(xiàn)手法的一般作用，最后結(jié)合文章的具體內(nèi)容寫(xiě)出具體的作用。
再如散文的結(jié)尾：
有的照應(yīng)文題，有的呼應(yīng)開(kāi)頭，有的點(diǎn)明主旨而深化中心，是謂 “卒章顯志”。很多散文都是在層層鋪墊遞進(jìn)后揭示主旨的。
還有的文章結(jié)尾處故意宕開(kāi)一筆，間接、含蓄的抒情�；蜿┤欢�，言有盡而意無(wú)窮。
此外，散文取材“小中見(jiàn)大”的特點(diǎn)，過(guò)渡句、段的作用等等都應(yīng)有所了解，特別要注意文章關(guān)節(jié)處所具有的引發(fā)議論、揭示主旨的作用。
高考散文閱讀在命題方面并非漫天要價(jià)、不著邊際，而是有一套命題思路的。由于實(shí)際命題的需要，試題所選材料多是內(nèi)蘊(yùn)厚、表現(xiàn)手法和語(yǔ)言富有特色的寫(xiě)人記事、寫(xiě)景狀物或議論性的散文，而較少小說(shuō)、戲劇等。雖說(shuō)本應(yīng)考查綜合性很強(qiáng)的鑒賞評(píng)價(jià)能力，但由于高考控制評(píng)分誤差的需要，很難真正命制出那種仁者見(jiàn)仁、智者見(jiàn)智的自由發(fā)揮式的鑒賞評(píng)價(jià)題。因此命題基本上未超出理解分析的范疇，定位仍然在一個(gè)“懂”字上，考的是帶一點(diǎn)鑒賞味道的理解。
在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文章學(xué)中有一個(gè)重要的方法――開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山:就是文章開(kāi)頭不兜圈子，直奔主題。開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的表達(dá)角度很多，可以直敘其事，也可以起筆點(diǎn)題;可以開(kāi)宗明義地揭示文章主旨，也可以單刀直人地點(diǎn)明要害等等。
所謂卒章顯志就是在文章的結(jié)束段表明文章的主題。范仲淹的《岳陽(yáng)樓記》就是運(yùn)用這種手法的典范。《岳陽(yáng)樓記》開(kāi)頭先說(shuō)寫(xiě)文章的緣由，再概括地描寫(xiě)巴陵勝景，然后再詳細(xì)描寫(xiě)兩景兩情，最后以議論帶抒情的方法收筆，突出了“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂(lè)而樂(lè)”的主題。文章題目雖是“岳陽(yáng)樓記”，但不僅是記敘、說(shuō)明，而又狀景、抒情。
在抒情的基礎(chǔ)上，筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，寫(xiě)出對(duì)“古仁人之心”的求索，以“卒章顯志”作結(jié)，一下子把文章提到一個(gè)很高的境界。
當(dāng)代散文名家楊朔的《荔枝蜜》也巧妙地運(yùn)用了這一技法。文章開(kāi)頭，寫(xiě)自己曾被蜜蜂整了一下，因而看到蜜蜂心里就不舒服。繼而，作者描寫(xiě)了荔枝蜜的甜香，不覺(jué)動(dòng)了情，由蜜想到釀蜜的蜜蜂，便到蜂場(chǎng)去參觀。作者了解了蜜蜂的生活習(xí)性?感慨地說(shuō):“蜜蜂是在釀蜜，又是在釀造生活;不是為自己，而是在為人類(lèi)釀造最甜的生活。蜜蜂是渺小的;蜜蜂卻又多么高尚啊!”看到這里，你會(huì)覺(jué)得作者是在歌頌蜜蜂，表現(xiàn)蜜蜂高尚品質(zhì)，然而作品結(jié)尾卻來(lái)了個(gè)大轉(zhuǎn)彎，從歌頌蜜蜂轉(zhuǎn)到歌頌勤勞勇敢、的農(nóng)民:“他們正用勞手建設(shè)自己的生活，實(shí)際也是在釀蜜――為自己、為別人、也為后世子孫釀造著生活的蜜” ，“為后世子孫釀造生活的蜜”跟《岳陽(yáng)樓記》結(jié)尾寫(xiě)的“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂(lè)而樂(lè)”一樣，正是作者要表達(dá)的主題。文章結(jié)束了，作者所要表達(dá)的主題也點(diǎn)出來(lái)了。原來(lái)前邊大篇幅地歌頌蜜蜂，正是為后邊歌頌勞動(dòng)人民作鋪墊，這樣的結(jié)尾顯得自然、有力，也統(tǒng)貫了全篇要義，此即卒章顯志之法的妙用。
2、緊抓主旨句、文眼句不放松
主旨句主要是指那些思想深刻、含義豐富能體現(xiàn)文章主旨的語(yǔ)句。一般地說(shuō)，文體不同，中心句往往不同，應(yīng)分別對(duì)待。議論文中，中心句常常是表現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)的句子，它常處在文章的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾，有時(shí)也處在文中。如《改造我們的學(xué)習(xí)》，文章開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地提出中心論點(diǎn):“我主張將我們?nèi)h的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和學(xué)習(xí)方法改造一下�！弊プ∵@個(gè)基本觀點(diǎn)，就能總攬全文，綱舉目張。記敘描寫(xiě)類(lèi)的文章，中心句一般是對(duì)記敘內(nèi)容發(fā)表的議論或抒情部分，領(lǐng)會(huì)這些句子，就能把握住文章的精髓。
3、逐層歸納段意，總結(jié)文章主題
在閱讀文章過(guò)程中，給每一段標(biāo)上序號(hào)，邊讀邊概括每一段寫(xiě)了些什么，即所謂這一個(gè)段落的段意。然后運(yùn)用合并的方法直至總結(jié)出文章的主題。
4、關(guān)注散文的寫(xiě)作背景
任何作品都是社會(huì)的反映，絕不是空中樓閣。它來(lái)源于生活又高于生活，有許多作品只有在了解了它產(chǎn)生的背景后才能深切地理解內(nèi)容與感情，把握作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，準(zhǔn)確地概括作品的主題。
2009年高考散文閱讀考題設(shè)置方式及答題技巧4
――有關(guān)歸納內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的題型
提問(wèn)方式：請(qǐng)概括某一段（或全文）的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)
答題模式：分三步走，第一步劃分本段的層次，第二步提取要點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)，第三步整合答案。
示例：母親愛(ài)花，我也跟著愛(ài)起花來(lái)。家住在石門(mén)鄉(xiāng)間，前后有兩個(gè)小小的院子，于是，也種了不少雜七雜八的植物，按著季節(jié)，也會(huì)開(kāi)出不少好看的花。有時(shí)候在廊前一坐，桂花送來(lái)淡淡的清香，覺(jué)得自己好像也安靜古雅了起來(lái)。夏天的傍晚，茉莉會(huì)不停地開(kāi)，摘下兩三朵放在手心里，所有青春的記憶都會(huì)隨著它的香氣出現(xiàn)在我眼前。我想，我愛(ài)的也許并不是花，而是所有逝去的時(shí)光，在每一朵花后面，都有著我珍惜的記憶。（節(jié)選自席慕容《花的世界》）
問(wèn)：本段寫(xiě)我愛(ài)花的原因，可以歸納為三點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)概括寫(xiě)出。
分析：四句話中很顯然前兩句各是一層，后兩句是一層。再提取每層的要點(diǎn)詞“母親的愛(ài)花”“安靜古雅”“珍惜的記憶”，最后整合答案。
答：（1）受母親的愛(ài)花的影響 （2）花讓自己變得安靜古雅 （3）花里有自己珍惜的記憶
【當(dāng)堂反饋】
三臺(tái)中學(xué)2010級(jí)小班第三次考試
理科綜合能力測(cè)試
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分。第Ⅰ卷1―4頁(yè)，第Ⅱ卷5―8頁(yè)。全卷300分，考試時(shí)間150分鐘。考試結(jié)束后，將第Ⅱ卷和答題卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷
（選擇題 共21題 每題6分 共126分）
注意事項(xiàng)：
1．答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、考試科目涂寫(xiě)在答題卡上。
2．每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案標(biāo)號(hào)，不能答在試題卷上。
高考語(yǔ)文選擇題解題方法和答題技巧
高考語(yǔ)文做題總原則：一分鐘拿一分，150分。選擇題稍快點(diǎn)，提前5分鐘左右。
語(yǔ)文考試，實(shí)際上就是調(diào)動(dòng)已有的積累來(lái)回答命題者問(wèn)題的過(guò)程。在此過(guò)程中，我們不僅要善于回憶，更需要懂得在理解題意的基礎(chǔ)上組織答案。在組織答案的過(guò)程中，必須注意句子的簡(jiǎn)明連貫得體、注意保留命題者的原意、注意滿足題旨、注意少用絕對(duì)化的句子。
首先，做一次深呼吸，然后告誡自己：“欲速則不達(dá)”；盡可能在試卷上將自己思考的痕跡寫(xiě)下；相信自己的第一印象；絕對(duì)不輕易留下空白；切記“整潔、美觀、有效”的原則；然后拿起筆，進(jìn)入到第一卷客觀題的選擇階段：
選擇題共42分
1. 字音辨析題：
答題技巧：
常見(jiàn)多音字標(biāo)“次讀音”正確的可能性大，標(biāo)"常讀音"正確的可能性小。形聲字標(biāo)“不同聲旁讀音”的正確可能性大，標(biāo)"同聲旁讀音"的正確可能性小。常見(jiàn)字標(biāo)音正確的可能性小。生僻字一般不會(huì)標(biāo)錯(cuò)音。一般考辨析，不考拼寫(xiě)，不考查漢語(yǔ)拼音方案。
如果題干是全部不相同的，就把有兩項(xiàng)相同的去掉；如果題干是與所給字的讀音全部相同的，則去掉一個(gè)不同的一項(xiàng)；如果題干是讀音全都正確，就去掉有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的一項(xiàng)；如果題干是讀音有錯(cuò)誤的一組，就排除肯定無(wú)誤的一項(xiàng)。
總之，用排除法是較好的方法。
2. 字形辨析題
答題技巧：
由于計(jì)算機(jī)處理的局限，高考只考別字的辨析。逐個(gè)審讀容易出錯(cuò)的字，從中可以辨析出一些“形近而音”不同的別字。如果懷疑某個(gè)是別字，可以寫(xiě)出幾個(gè)同音字來(lái)比較,可以寫(xiě)出幾個(gè)形似字來(lái)比較。通過(guò)分析形聲字的形旁來(lái)推導(dǎo)這個(gè)字的含意，再放到這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)中去判定是否相符。對(duì)于獨(dú)體字或形聲字中的形旁已失去表意功能的形聲字可以通過(guò)分析詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)確定它是不是別字，還可以通過(guò)對(duì)整個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的理解,來(lái)尋找不合語(yǔ)境的別字。還有一部分就只能依靠我們平時(shí)的積累了。
如果題干是有錯(cuò)別字的一項(xiàng)，就排除肯定無(wú)錯(cuò)別字的；如果是全對(duì)的一項(xiàng)，就排除肯定有錯(cuò)別字的；如果題干是有兩個(gè)錯(cuò)別字的一項(xiàng)，就先排除有三個(gè)錯(cuò)別字的一項(xiàng)。
總之：多使用結(jié)構(gòu)分析法：字形結(jié)構(gòu)及詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)分析法。看詞語(yǔ)不宜太長(zhǎng)久，時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了對(duì)的都象錯(cuò)的，如無(wú)把握，可放放再說(shuō)，但必須用?或其他記號(hào)來(lái)提示自己。
3.詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用題
主要是近義實(shí)、虛詞的分辨。通常是用幾組近義詞進(jìn)行辨別，要做好它，平時(shí)就要有語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)備，但是在考場(chǎng)上如果確實(shí)拿不準(zhǔn)，就要憑語(yǔ)言感覺(jué)去選擇自己認(rèn)為的最佳答案，一般有兩種類(lèi)型：
實(shí)詞辨析題
答題技巧：
對(duì)詞義的理解，有相同語(yǔ)素又有不相同語(yǔ)素的詞語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)是分析理解不相同語(yǔ)素，可以通過(guò)組詞來(lái)理解，也可以找出反義詞來(lái)理解，還可以分析形聲字的形旁來(lái)理解。語(yǔ)素都不相同的詞語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)從用法方面考慮。對(duì)詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用，一定要在上下文中找到相應(yīng)的信息，重點(diǎn)是使用場(chǎng)合上的搭配。注意采用排除的方法，將最容易辨析的詞語(yǔ)先排除，逐漸減少選項(xiàng)。
虛詞辨析題
虛詞它在語(yǔ)句中起著調(diào)節(jié)各種語(yǔ)言關(guān)系的作用，在口語(yǔ)尤其在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中使用頻繁。在高考中作虛詞題目，主要是憑語(yǔ)感，可以造一些結(jié)構(gòu)相似的句子來(lái)分析它的正誤，其次是理性分析。分析應(yīng)考慮這樣幾點(diǎn)：
一是虛詞詞典含義的分析，先分開(kāi)解釋?zhuān)蠼M合理解；
二是找出配套的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)，前后聯(lián)系來(lái)確定虛詞的含義；
三是在單句中的虛詞，要分析前后詞語(yǔ)的聯(lián)系和所作的句子成分；
四是在復(fù)句中的虛詞，要注意前后虛詞的關(guān)聯(lián)，如果配套的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)在句中只出現(xiàn)一個(gè)，應(yīng)該將它補(bǔ)全分析；
五是要將關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)與句子內(nèi)容結(jié)合起來(lái)分析，在關(guān)系上保持一致。
總之：注意采用排除法，將最容易辨析的詞語(yǔ)先排除，逐漸減少選項(xiàng)，同時(shí)也要做記號(hào)。
4. 熟語(yǔ)（含成語(yǔ)）辨析題
答題技巧：
第一，逐字解釋熟語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用成語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)把握成語(yǔ)大意，但要注意不能望文生義；
第二，體會(huì)熟語(yǔ)的感情色彩；
第三，要注意熟語(yǔ)使用范圍，搭配的對(duì)象；
第四，盡可能找出句中相關(guān)聯(lián)的信息。
第五，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)權(quán)衡比較，選出認(rèn)為最符合要求的。
一般是選擇正確的一項(xiàng)，但也得注意是不是選擇不正確的一項(xiàng)。
總之：要正確理解熟語(yǔ)的整體意義，要注意語(yǔ)境的組合與搭配情況，越是想要你字面理解的熟語(yǔ)越要注意陷阱。特別陌生的熟語(yǔ)往往是對(duì)的。同時(shí)必須用？或其他記號(hào)來(lái)提示自己。
5. 病句辨析題
病句類(lèi)型：語(yǔ)序不當(dāng)、搭配不當(dāng)、成分殘缺或贅余、結(jié)構(gòu)混亂、表意不明、不合邏輯。
答題技巧：
認(rèn)真細(xì)致審讀每個(gè)選項(xiàng)，重點(diǎn)注意分析并列短語(yǔ)作句子成分與其他成分的搭配，可以將并列短語(yǔ)拆開(kāi)逐一與其他成分搭配，驗(yàn)證其當(dāng)否。對(duì)于句式雜糅的句子，先憑語(yǔ)感判定其不協(xié)調(diào)，再分別造成句子，再放回原文中，驗(yàn)證其當(dāng)否。對(duì)于語(yǔ)序不當(dāng)?shù)木渥�，先也要憑語(yǔ)感檢測(cè)，再將不協(xié)調(diào)的詞語(yǔ)或句子調(diào)換位置，看是否通暢自然。有多重否定或還有反問(wèn)的句子，要將否定換成肯定來(lái)理解。對(duì)因不明詞義而造成前后矛盾的語(yǔ)句，應(yīng)盡力推敲出這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)的含義，推敲方法是拆字組詞。對(duì)邏輯概念方面的不協(xié)調(diào)，可以憑事理推斷。
注意題干的要求，究竟選擇的是有語(yǔ)病的還是無(wú)語(yǔ)病的一項(xiàng)。
總之：判斷病句用排除法居多。
做題思路通常是：檢查句子的主干，是否缺成分→ → 推敲詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用，是否搭配 →→ 心里默讀，看是否有不同的句式混用 →→ 綜合思考，是否符合邏輯思維，特別注意以下幾種情況：
①介詞“關(guān)于”“對(duì)于”“對(duì)”等開(kāi)頭的句子，注意主語(yǔ)的殘缺。
②類(lèi)似于“A”是“B”的句子，注意“A”“B”的協(xié)調(diào)，也可能是句式雜糅。
③動(dòng)詞后有很長(zhǎng)的修飾詞語(yǔ)，注意是否賓語(yǔ)殘缺。
④用“和”“或”以及頓號(hào)連接的并列成分，注意歧義及內(nèi)在邏輯順序是否失當(dāng)以及意義的從屬關(guān)系。
⑤前半句使用了“能否”“可否”等雙面詞語(yǔ)，注意后半句是否與前半句協(xié)調(diào)。
⑥反問(wèn)句及疑問(wèn)句注意是否表意相反。
6. 今年可能是標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)題
答題技巧：
注意試卷中�？紭�(biāo)點(diǎn)（頓號(hào)、引號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)、分號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)）的使用，重點(diǎn)審查這類(lèi)標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用正確性，逐一辨析排除，新考點(diǎn)，估計(jì)還是沿用見(jiàn)過(guò)的考查方式。
如果是繼續(xù)考查“語(yǔ)言連貫題”
答題技巧：
先從語(yǔ)句形式方面考慮，要求話題一致，陳述對(duì)象一致，敘述角度一致，情調(diào)保持一致，上下文句式保持基本一致，與上下文思路保持連貫。還要注意語(yǔ)言音節(jié)上的和諧及押韻。再?gòu)恼Z(yǔ)句內(nèi)容方面考慮，在時(shí)間上、事理上注意先后順序。還要在上下語(yǔ)句中找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的信息。語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格要前后一致。
一般是每句有兩種選擇，所以每題做對(duì)的概率至少50％。
總之：必須用?或其他記號(hào)來(lái)提示自己。語(yǔ)段銜接，前瞻后顧，注意上下文主語(yǔ)的承接及邏輯的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。找突破口，用排除法。做題思路是：考查陳述對(duì)象（主語(yǔ)）是否一致→→ 話題是否一致 →→ 前后句式是否一致→→ 情境是否吻合→→ 音節(jié)是否和諧等。
初三英語(yǔ)中考專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)
第五節(jié) 形容詞
( ) 1. Let’s go and have a drink. We’ve got ________ time before the train leaves.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
( ) 2. The ______ you eat, the better your health will be.
A. little B. few C. less D. fewer
( ) 3. They have just cleaned the windows, so the room looks _______.
A. more brighter B. more bright C. less bright D. much brighter
( ) 4. Which is the _______, the train station, the bus station or the airport?
A. far B. farthest C. father D. more far
( ) 5. Now the air in our home town is ________ than it was before. Something must be done.
A. much better B. more worse C. more better D. much worse
( ) 6. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed _______ than usual.
A. early B. earlier C. late D. later
( ) 7. Either of them can take this job, but what I’m interested in is who is _______.
A. the most careful B. more careful C. careful D. even careful
( ) 8. In our city, it’s _______ in July, but it is even _______ in August.
A. hotter; hottest B. hot; hot C. hotter; hot D. hot; hotter
( ) 9. I think Yao Ming, the famous basketball player, will be ______ new star in NBA.
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest
( ) 10. Of the two Australian students, Masha is _______ one. I think you can find her easily.
A. tallest B. the taller C. taller D. the tallest
( ) 11. It’s good for your health to do _______ sports.
A. much B. least C. more D. most
( ) 12. ?Our holiday was _______. ?Yes. I’ve never had _______.
A. such; a better one B. greatly; a good one
C. so great; a better one D. very good; the best one
( ) 13. ?Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?
--Certainly, we can buy _______ one than this, but ________ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; not as good as
( ) 14. ?Why don’t you ask Tom to do it?
--I don’t know whether he is ______ to. He sometimes makes things worse.
A. possible B. able C. afraid D. easy
( ) 15. Lots of visitors come to Nanjing because she is ______ city.
A. so a beautiful B. very a beautiful C. such beautiful a D. quite a beautiful
( ) 16. If you like the chicken, you may have as _______ as you can.
A. much B. many C. more D. little
( ) 17. The Changjiang River is one of _______ rivers in the world.
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest
( ) 18. ______ children there are in a family, _______ their life will be.
A. The less; the better B. The fewer; the better C. Fewer; richer D. More; poorer
( ) 19. The boy is _______ young to carry the box. Let’s go and help him.
A. too B. so C. very D. quite
( ) 20. The coat I bought last week is too big for me. I’d like to change it for a _____ one.
A. small B. large C. nicer D. smaller
( ) 21. 30,000 dollars is a large amount of money, but it’s ______ than we need.
A. far more B. very much C. far less D. very little
( ) 22. China has _______ population in the world.
A. bigger B. larger C. the biggest D. the largest
( ) 23. Lucy’s handwriting is good, but Rose’s handwriting is much ______.
A. good B. best C. better D. the best
( ) 24. The day is bright and ______. Let’s go for a walk.
A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy
( ) 25. As a result, _______ people like to travel by air than before.
A. much more B. many more C. more much D. more many
( ) 26. Why not make a kite yourself? You don’t need _______ for it.
A. anything special B. something special C. special anything D. special something
( ) 27. This computer is as good as a new one but _______ expensive.
A. much less B. more less C. more much D. much more
( ) 28. The young scientist decided to work _______ in the _______ forest.
A. lonely; alone B. alone; lonely C. alone; alone D. lonely; lonely
( ) 29. _______ you eat butter, cream and chocolate, _______ you will become.
A. The more; the thinner B. The less; the fatter
C. More; fatter D. The more; the fatter
( ) 30. The old man next door was found _______ in the living room. Maybe he died from a heart attack.
A. dead B. die C. dying D. death
( ) 31. I paid a visit to Mrs Smith yesterday evening. She didn’t look _______, but she said she was getting on all right.
A. as worried as ever B. as happy as usual
C. happier than D. as happily as usual
( ) 32. The ______ boy had been sent to hospital before his mother got back home.
A. ill B. dangerous C. sick D. sleeping
( ) 33. She is ______ she can not reach the top of the blackboard.
A. such a tall person that B. much shorter than
C. as short that D. so short that
( ) 34. Try to make as _______ mistakes as possible.
A. less B. little C. few D. a few
湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市第一中學(xué)高三第一次模擬考試
英語(yǔ)試卷
第一部分 聽(tīng)力（共三節(jié)，滿分30分）
第一節(jié)（共5小題，滿分7.5分）
聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話，每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。
1. What does the woman need?
A. A passport. B. A picture. C. A photographer.
2. Why is the woman upset?
A. The light hurts her eyes. B. She dislikes being too close C. She can’t hear.
3. Where did the conversation most probably take place?
A. In the hospital. B. In a supermarket. C. In a library.
4. How much does a five-minute call cost?
A. $ 9. B. $ 12. C. $ 15.
5. Why was the woman surprised ?
A. He is all wet B. He is upset. C. He lost his raincoat.
第二節(jié)（共12小題；每小題1.5分，滿分18分）
聽(tīng)下面4段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話讀兩遍。
聽(tīng)第6段材料，回答第6和第8三個(gè)小題。
6. What’s the man going to do?
A. Take a flight to
7. Why did the man want to make a good impression?
A. To repay Mr. Tanaka’s kindness.
B. To get invited back.
C. To increase the hotel’s business.
8. Where was the man last year?
A. In
聽(tīng)第7段材料，回答第9至第11叁個(gè)小題。
9. Why was the man in hospital?
A. He was crazy. B. They thought he was dead. C. He was badly hurt.
10. What caused the accident?
A. Two parachutes failed to open.
B. A stone fell down from the sky.
C. Something was wrong with the plane.
11. What happened to the man soon after he left the hospital?
A. He died. B. He jumped from a plane again. C. He went crazy.
聽(tīng)第8段材料，回答第12至第14叁個(gè)小題。
12. Why did the girl miss the game?
A. Her mother didn’t allow her to go.
B. She didn’t really want to go.
C. She overslept that day.
13. What was the weather like that day?
A. It rained hard. B. It blew hard. C. It snowed hard.
14. How did the boy like the game?
A. It was worth watching. B. It was too long. C. It was boring.
聽(tīng)第9段材料，回答第15至第17叁個(gè)小題。
15.
What happened at the
A. Some jewels were stolen. B. A fire broke out. C. An expensive diamond was stolen.
16. How did the robber get in?
A. They had a key. B. They broke in. C. They hid before it was closed.
17. How did the speaker know so much about the robbery?
A. He read it in the newspaper. B. He was one of the robbers.
C. He heard about it from others.
第三節(jié)（共3小題；每小題1.5分，滿分4.5分）
聽(tīng)下面一段材料，將第18至第20三個(gè)小題的信息補(bǔ)充完整，每小題不超過(guò)三個(gè)單詞。聽(tīng)材料前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后，各小題將給出15秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。本段材料讀兩遍。
Ways on How to 18.
◆ Prepare yourself
◇ try to find out 19. information
◇ arrive in plenty of time to get relaxed before the interview begins.
◆ Plan your words
◇ have your answers ready about your education and experience
◇ have your answers ready about yourself, your work…
◆ Above all
◇ 20._________________ yourself
第二部分 英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用
第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)填空 (共15小題, 滿分15分)
從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
21. Piano (piano) is a kind of musical instrument popular with people of all ages. Many people wait in line for a ticket when word comes that there is going to be a piano concert.
A. The; the B. A; a C. The; / D. /; /
22. Is Qinghai Tibet railway plays an important
role in
A. what B. it C. that D. this
23. Write a letter to the manager, explain who you are, say what you like about the hotel, and suggest some ways that their services improved.
A. can be B. be C. are D. will be
24. school and university, many students choose to spend their several months on crash course in English after graduation from middle school.
A. During B. In between C. Through D. Over
25. “_____ the job with me,” she said in a hesitative voice, “and I’ll see what I can do with it.”
A. Leaving B. To leave C. Having left D. Leave
26. She was so angry at all _____ I was doing _____ she walked out.
A. that; which B. that; that C. which; that D. what; which
27. had the medicine arrived at the village before many people were saved from the disease.
A. Seldom B. Only C. Hardly D. Little
28. is said to a popular music concert here, for which the fans feel extremely excited.
A. It；be B. It；have C. There; have D. There; be
29. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.
A. What little B. Too little C. How much D. Very little
30. We can’t help believe that the old hatred shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that America must play its role in leading a new era of peace.
A. to; but B. but; but C. but; and D. to; and
31. to attend the course he is not interested in, Brown always prefers at home to do what he likes.
A. To go; to stay B. To going; to stay C. To going; staying D. To go; staying
32. The boy the teachers considered to be the best failed in the final exam; _____ surprised them a great deal．
A．it B．which C．what D. that
33. Look at the sky! It looks like . Do you still feel like out for some sports?
A. raining; going B. rain; going C. raining; to go D. rain; to go
34. It is now much too late for the shopping. The shop well be closed now.
A. may B. could C. will D. must
35. ―Where have you been recently?
―I ________ in Hangzhou on business for a week last month.
A. have been B. had gone C. had been D. was
第二節(jié) 完形填空 (共20小題, 滿分30分)
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從第36至第55小題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
An Indian warship destroyed a suspected pirate vessel off the Horn of Africa last November. Finally, here is language that pirates can understand: 36. a ship.
Several countries have 37. forces to patrol Somali waters in 38. to the growing number of pirate attacks on 39. . But the pirates have only become more brazen (肆無(wú)忌憚), 40. larger ships. Pirates even hijacked (劫持) a Saudi 41. that was carrying over $100 million in oil.
Nearly 100 ships were hijacked 42. the Horn of Africa in 2008. Ransoms (贖金) paid to 43.
the ships reached nearly $50 million. This
has 44. much hand-wringing (much disappointment)
in government circles, and some 45.
decisions by shipping companies. Some have
decided to reroute their ships all the way 46. the
International patrols are having little 48. . Pirates responded by moving their armed attacks 49.
offshore. In effect, they've created a much larger field of play. The Sirius Star was 50. 450 nautical miles off the Kenyan coast, in the Indian Ocean--a 51. of water so vast that 52. forces can't possibly patrol(巡航) it.
It seems that shipping firms have a decision to make: 53. the region altogether or arm their ships to defend off direct attacks. There are some creative ways to do that. A chemical tanker fought off pirates 54. with automatic weapons by releasing foam from fire hoses into the waters around the ship. In 2005, a cruise ship used a Long Range Acoustic Device, capable of causing permanent ear damage and temporary vision loss, to defend off a pirate attack on Somalia's coast.
When shall 55. return to this body of water? People are still seeking the answer.
36.
37. A. joined B. attended C. gathered D. united
38. A. return B. turn C. response D. favor
39. A. warships B. commercial ships C. fishing ships D. passengers ships
40. A. aiming B. targeting C. intending D. taking
41. A. fishing boat B. goods ship C. passenger ship D. oil tanker
42. A. out B. about C. off D. from
43. A. charge B. seize C. keep D. free
44. A. caused B. led C. did D. brought
45. A. reasonable B. unreasonable C. negative D. sensitive
46. A. about B. over C. around D. beyond
47. A. increase B. put C. make D. add
48. A. effect B. affect C. effort D. afford
49. A. away B. further C. about D. around
50. A. forced B. left C. captured D. broken
51. A. sea B. flow C. mass D. body
52. A. air B. naval C. land D. mixed
53. A. Avoid B. Protect C. Keep D. Guard
54. A. mixed B. combined C. fitted D. armed
55. A. war B. hijack C. peace D. conflict
第三部分 閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）
第一節(jié) 選擇題（共17小題， 滿分34分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)A、B、C和D中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該選項(xiàng)涂黑.
A
London [
The two teams will be headed
by Vice Premier Wang Qishan and State Councilor Dai Bingguo from the Chinese
side and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Treasury Secretary Timothy
Geithner from the
President Hu Jintao and
Although it is their first meeting, they have kept a close contact, which Obama said will "set the stage" for both countries "to tackle the challenges in the years to come."
Both presidents highlighted the importance of China-US relations, especially during the current economic crisis.
Obama said he hoped their meeting will be constructive and open not only about the whole state of the world economy during the current crisis, but to the efforts to improve peace and security for both countries and the world.
Hu said all the positive results the two countries have achieved have not come easily, adding that he hoped to develop good working relationship and personal friendship with Obama.
Sino-US
relations are of fundamental interests not only to both countries, but to
peace, stability and prosperity to
56. How do
A. By trusting and helping each other. B. By sharing their common interests.
C. By establishing the new strategic economic dialogue
D. By establishing new economy policy.
57. What is Winfield House?
A. the
C. living
place of US ambassador to the
58. All of the following are mentioned EXCEPT .
A. The two presidents agreed to work together to resist the financial crisis.
B. The two presidents announced to the press before the official meeting.
C. Both countries will make efforts to improve peace and security.
D. Sino-US relations are of fundamental interests only to both countries.
59. What is the best title of this passage?
A. Hu, Obama set up new economic dialogue. B. Sino-US relations will be improved.
C. China and US are working together to resist economic crisis.
D.
B
All 16 women, who range
from 21 to 24 years old, graduated with distinction in five final assessments
after 44 months of training at the
And their reward will be becoming the first female pilots involved in the National Day celebrations, which this year will mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China.
Deng Changyou, political commissar for the air force who attended the pilots' graduation ceremony, said China had finally fulfilled a dream, while an official who refused to be named told Xinhua: "Due to the improvements in flying ability, the accumulation of training experience and modern military needs, we've started to train women combat pilots and the air force plans to increase their numbers to enable women to enter all areas of military service."
The 16 newly qualified pilots all underwent 28 months of basic
training, which included parachute jumping and field survival training at the
in
Zhao Jingbo, deputy director for military training at the air force command, said they had also passed comprehensive examinations on political and military theory, flight skills, management and mental health.
So far, 545 female trainees have enrolled at the air force college, with 328 having graduated and 52 now working in air transport, according to official statistics. "With our strict training regime, female pilots can do what men can do," added Wu Huiming, dean of the third flying college.
As well as China, 15 other countries allow women to fly fighter jets, including Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Israel, Pakistan and the United States, the latter having trained nearly 300 since females were permitted to enroll at its military flight schools in 1976.
Following the end of the
Cold War,
Female fighter pilot Tao Jiali prepares for her flight on March 29, 2009. She is among the country's first 16 female pilots to fly China-made fighter jets, who were conferred the rank of lieutenant on April 2.
60. What will be the women’s reward?
A. To be the first female pilots to attend the 60th National Day celebration.
B. To be allowed meet one of their dreams.
C. To be permitted to get their pay raised.
D. To get enrolled at the air force college for further study.
61. The 16 newly qualified women pilots underwent following trainings EXCEPT .
A. fighting training. B. figure fitting
C. field survival training D. parachute jumping.
62. How many countries allow women to fly fighter jets?
A. 7. B. 8. C. 15. D. 16.
63. Which of the following can be inferred?
A. Jian-10 belongs to the kind of fighter jet with low cost.
B. Female pilots can do whatever men can do.
C. A qualified pilot has an average of 135 hours of personal flight time
D. A qualified pilot has to pass comprehensive examinations on political and military theory.
C
There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of heath and wealth and other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons, and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds.
People who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things: the pleasant parts of conversation, the well prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are lo be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation (摹仿). It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit.
Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious consequences in life since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others; nobody loves them. and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, nobody wishes them successful. Nor will anyone stir a step or speak a word to favor their hopes. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, on one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their misconducts. These should change this bad habit and condescend (屈尊，放下架子) to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.
64. People who are unhappy .
A. always consider things differently from others
B. usually are influenced by the results of certain things
C. can discover the pleasant part of certain things
D. usually have a fault-finding habit
65.What does the phrase "sour the pleasures of society" ( Line 5, Para. 2) most probably mean?
A. "have a good taste to the pleasures of society"
B. "aren't content with the pleasures of society"
C. "feel happy with the pleasures of society"
D. "enjoy the pleasures of society"
66. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. We should pity all such unhappy people.
B. Such unhappy people are not critical about everything.
C. If such unhappy people recognize the bad effects of the habit on themselves they may get rid of it.
D. Such unhappy people are also not content with themselves.
67. The phrase "scarcely that" (Line 4, Para. 3) means .
A. "just like that" B. "almost not like that"
C. "more than that" D. "not at all like that"
68. If such unhappy persons don't change their bad behavior, the author's solution to the problem is that people should .
A. avoid contact with them B. criticize their misconduct
C. help them recognize the bad effects of the habit D. show no respect and politeness to them
D
Today, more and more people are using credit cards instead of money to buy the things they need. Almost anyone who has a steady income and a continuous work record can apply for a credit card.
If you have a credit card, you can buy a car, eat a dinner, take a trip, and even get a haircut by charging the cost to your account. In this way you can pay for purchases a month or two later, without any extra charge. Or you may choose to spread out your payments over several months and pay only part of the total amount each month. If you do this, the credit card company or the bank who sponsors (經(jīng)辦) the credit card will add a small service charge to your total bill. This is very convenient for the customer. With the credit card ill your wallet or purse, you don't have to carry much cash. This saves you trips to the bank to cash checks or withdraw cash. Also if you carry credit cards instead of a lot of cash, you don't have to be concerned about losing your money through carelessness or theft. The card user only has to worry about paying the final bill. This of course can be a problem if you charge more than you can pay for.
Credit cards are big business. Americans spend $16 billion a year on cards and there are already 590 million of them in circulation. Many banks sponsor their own credit card companies and issue cards free to their customers. Other credit card companies charge their member annual dues (費(fèi)用). The stores that accept credit cards must pay a small fee to the credit card company ? a percentage of the purchase price of the merchandise or service. In turn, the credit card company promptly (立即) pays the store for the merchandise or service. Credit card companies make a profit from the fees they charge the store and also from the fees collected from customers who pay for their changes in monthly installments. However, credit card companies sometimes have problems collecting overdue payments from unreliable customers. Also the use of stolen, lost, or counterfeit credit cards by criminals has become a big headache for the credit card company that is responsible for the goods and services illegally charged to its customers' account.
69. The main purpose of this passage is .
A. to promote the sale of credit cards B. to persuade you not to buy credit cards
C. to explain credit card economy
D. to give you some instructions on how to use the credit card
70. Why are more and more people using credit cards?
A. Because they are becoming richer and richer.
B. Because everyone call apply for the credit card.
C. Because it is cheap to buy goods by using a credit card.
D. Because it is convenient for them to buy goods.
71. According to the author, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. With a credit card you can pay for purchases two months later.
B. With a credit card you can charge the cost to your account.
C. With a credit card you don't have to be worried about a thief.
D. With the credit card you don't have to worry about your final bill.
72. In the passage, "Credit cards are big business" means that .
A. credit card banks earn a lot of money
B. credit cards are mid at a high price
C. every customer has bought a credit card
D. customers must pay a lot of money to the credit card companies
第二節(jié) 簡(jiǎn)答題（共3小題， 滿分6分）
閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)第73至第75小題的具體要求，簡(jiǎn)要回答問(wèn)題。
Scientists believe that conditions on Mars around 3.8 billion years ago were very similar to those of the early earth, when primitive organisms were spreading through our oceans. At that time, Mars would have been much warmer and wetter than it is today, with an atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide, just like that of the earth at the time. Under these conditions, it is highly probable that life may have arisen on Mars as well.
But, even if life did not arise naturally on Mars, it does not mean that it could not have existed there. According to Professor Paul Davies of the University of Adelaide, Australia, life forms could have been transferred between the earth and Mars in wreckage (broke pieces) created by the impact of comet (彗星) and small planets on the surface of the two planets.
Even today, about 500 tons of material
from Mars lands on earth every year. It is mainly in the form of the dust but
occasionally a larger chunk (厚片, 大塊) strikes
the earth. In 1911, a piece of Martian rock crashed in
"But how could these life forms have survived their journey through space?" Says Paul Davies, "The difficulty in believing this theory is that a bacterium on its own in space has to struggle itself not only against cold but also against deadly cosmic (宇宙的) radiation. But wrapped in a rock the situation is different. A rock ten meters across would shield life inside it from a lot of radiation and the temperature might only be minus 10 or 20 degrees, the sort of thing we have on earth."
73. Where do some scientists suppose life probably come from? （回答不超過(guò)6個(gè)單詞）
74. What does Professor Paul Davies believe? （回答不超過(guò)6個(gè)單詞）
75. Why could life survive when transferred from one planet to another? （回答不超過(guò)12個(gè)單詞）
第四部分 書(shū)面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）
第一節(jié) 填空（共10小題，滿分10分）
閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文后第76至第85小題的空格里填上適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或短語(yǔ)。注意：每空不超過(guò)3 個(gè)單詞。
It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.
Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It includes not only remembering things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed (嗅，聞) something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learns to swing a baseball bat.
Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines.
Computers, for example,
contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare
the memory-storage capacity of a computer with that of a human being. The
instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 words ready
for instant use. An average
The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in temps of words and combinations of words.
沙市一中2009年高考第一次模擬考試――英語(yǔ).files/image001.gif)
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沙市一中2009年高考第一次模擬考試――英語(yǔ).files/image008.gif)
第二節(jié) 寫(xiě)作（滿分25）
假如你叫李華，你有一個(gè)朋友張明打算出國(guó)去學(xué)習(xí)，來(lái)信征求你的意見(jiàn)。請(qǐng)你就海外學(xué)習(xí)的利弊進(jìn)行分析（就利弊至少各提出兩點(diǎn)），并談?wù)勀愕目捶?/u>。
注意：
1.詞數(shù)：120左右。
2.參考詞匯：海外學(xué)習(xí) overseas study
3.文章開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。
Dear Zhang Ming,
Congratulations
on your being admitted for further study in
Best wishes.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
聽(tīng)力材料
Text 1
W: I need a picture for my passport. Can you recommend a photographer?
M: Yes,
Text 2
W: Please turn down the television. I can’t understand anything my friend is saying on the phone.
M: Hurry up and finish your call. I don’t like standing so close. The light hurts my eyes.
Text 3
W: May I have this prescription filled here? I have a terrible headache.
M: Yes, but you’ll have a 15-minute wait.
Text 4
M:
Operator, I’d like to place a call to
W: $ 9 for the first three minutes and $ 3 for each additional minute.
Text 5
W: You look awful. Did you walk all the way from the bus stop in this weather?
M: Yes, and I left my raincoat on the bus.
Text 6
M: Miss Kate, what time will Mr. Tanaka’s
flight arrive at
W: Around 2 p.m., sir. Will you go with the company car to meet him?
M: Yes, so I’d better leave here no later than 12. How about the rooms at the Hilton for Mr. Tanaka and his salary?
W: I made the reservations for them last week and checked again yesterday to make sure everything is ready.
M: Including the dinner room for tonight’s reception?
W: That’s right. The manager assured me that everything will be exactly as we have requested.
M: Excellent. I want everything to be the very best.
W: I am sure it will be. That manager has never let us down yet.
M: We want to make a good impression. Not
just to be sure that this business deal is a success, but to pay back the
wonderful hospitality we received from them in
Text 7
M: Did you see the TV program last night about the skydiver whose parachutes didn’t open after he had jumped from his plane?
W: No, I didn’t. Did he die?
M: No, it’s really unbelievable how he could have survived such a free fall, and lived to tell about it on television.
W: What happened?
M: Neither of his chutes opened as he fell down to the ground. When they found him, they thought he was dead. Doctors said he would never walk again but he proved them wrong.
W: How long did it take him to recover?
M: He spent 18 months in the hospital. As soon as he was allowed to leave, he went back and jumped out of a plane again.
W: Gee, some people sure do crazy things!
Text 8
W: Hi, Gus, how was the game yesterday?
M: Great. Why did you miss it?
W: My parents didn’t let me go because I had a fever. I am still in bed.
M: Too bad you weren’t there. We all went together―Jenny, Jimmy, Anita, George, Sandra, and I.
W: It must have been very cold sitting outside on the bleachers, wasn’t it?
M: Yes, it was. We were all wrapped up in blankets, wool hats, and heavy coats. We also took along bottles of hot chocolate and coffee.
W: I hear it started snowing in the middle of the game.
M: It did, lightly at first, then harder. But it didn’t stop the game.
W: Did you see Jim Pullman make his touchdown?
M: That was the most exciting moment. Bobby Lee passed the ball to him, and he ran thirty yards. No one could catch him, and it was so funny watching the players sliding in the snow.
W: But you’re coughing. Are you getting sick too?
M: I guess I caught a cold at the game. But it was worth it.
Text 9
W:
Did you hear what happened at the
M: Yeah, I heard that some robbers stole some jewels.
W: Not some jewels! The most expensive diamond! It’s worth 5 million dollars.
M: Wow! How did they get in?
W: Nobody knows. Maybe they stayed in the museum after it closed.
M: Didn’t anyone hear the alarm?
W: The alarm didn’t go off. The robbers cut the wire.
M: Hmmm. Those robbers were pretty clever. The police say that the robbery was the work of a group. They travel around the world stealing jewels.
W: How do you know so much about this robbery?
M: I read about it in the newspaper.
Text 10
Ladies and gentlemen, here I would like to say something how to get through an interview.
In order to make a good impression during a job interview, you need to prepare yourself. You must try to find out as much information about the company as possible. You can get information by talking to someone who is working in the company or through advertisement. You must arrive in plenty of time so that you can give yourself a little time to relax before the interview begins.
You need to plan what you are going to say. Sometimes you will have to do a lot of talking, and sometimes you will only have to answer a few questions about your education and experience. You need to have answers ready about yourself, your work, your strong points, your reason for applying for the job, and the salary you expect.
Above all, you should have confidence in yourself that you will pass the interview.
Any questions? No? OK, that’s all.
Thank you.
河西區(qū)2008―2009學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期高三年級(jí)總復(fù)習(xí)質(zhì)量調(diào)查（二）
數(shù) 學(xué) 試 卷（理科）
題號(hào)
一
二
三
總分
17
18
19
20
21
22
得分
第I卷 （選擇題 共50分）
河西區(qū)2008―2009學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期高三年紀(jì)總復(fù)習(xí)質(zhì)量調(diào)查（二）
數(shù) 學(xué) 試 卷（文科）
題號(hào)
一
二
三
總分
17
18
19
20
21
22
得分
第I卷 （選擇題 共50分）
保密★啟用前
2009年山東濰坊高考模擬考試
語(yǔ) 文
2009.3.18
注意事項(xiàng)：
1．本試題分為選擇題和非選擇題兩部分，共8頁(yè)。時(shí)間l50分鐘，滿分150分。
2．答卷前，務(wù)必將自己的班級(jí)、姓名、座號(hào)、考號(hào)分別填涂在答題卡及答題紙的相應(yīng)位置。
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