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英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀書面表達(dá)背誦范例(基礎(chǔ)寫作)

2009年高考英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀書面表達(dá)背誦56范例(基礎(chǔ)寫作篇)

基礎(chǔ)寫作1---寫信應(yīng)用文

假定你是李華,從小喜愛(ài)大熊貓,一直通過(guò)有關(guān)網(wǎng)站關(guān)注三年前在美國(guó)圣迭哥動(dòng)物園出生的大熊貓“蘇琳”和她的母親“白云”,F(xiàn)在蘇琳即將三歲。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)給動(dòng)物園工作人員寫一封信:

[寫作內(nèi)容]1.自我介紹;2.祝賀蘇琳生日;3.感謝工作人員; 4.索取蘇琳三歲生日照。

[寫作要求]1.只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容; 2.要使用多種時(shí)態(tài);

      3.開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)已為你寫好。

Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetings from China!

    ___________________________________________________________________

                                                

Possible version

Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetings from China!

I’m Li Hua, a student in Sichuan and I’ve been a panda lover since I was a child. About three years ago I was delighted to learn that Baiyun gave birth to her daughter Sulin and I’ve been watching her grow on your website. Now she’s going to be three so I’d like to wish her a happy birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US.

By the way, could I have a photo of Sulin taken on her third birthday? Thank you very much in advance.

  基礎(chǔ)寫作2---回信應(yīng)用文

假設(shè)你是李華,你的英國(guó)筆友最近來(lái)信,詢問(wèn)你高考后的暑期安排。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn),用英語(yǔ)回一封信,說(shuō)明你的計(jì)劃,并簡(jiǎn)述理由。

     1.休息 2.讀書 3.陪伴父母 4.參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)

寫作要求:

1. 只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容;

2.信的開(kāi)頭已為你寫好,但不含在5個(gè)句子中。

參考詞匯:高考---college entrance examination 社會(huì)活動(dòng)--- social activities

Dear Henry,

     I’m glad to receive your letter.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

    

Best wishes!

                                                          Li Hua

Possible version

Dear Henry,

     I’m glad to receive your letter. It’s a pleasure for me to tell you my plan of this coming summer vacation after the college entrance examination.

]    First of all, a good rest is needed because I do feel tired after the hard work of all these years. Of course, I’ll do some reading for fun, and for knowledge as well. I’ll spend some time staying with my parents, chatting with them and doing some housework since they have done so much for me. If possible, I’ll take part in some social activities so that I can know more about the society.

                  Best wishes!

                                                  Li Hua

基礎(chǔ)寫作3---演講稿應(yīng)用文

你所在的班級(jí)將要舉辦一次主題為“What Can We Do for Our School?”的英語(yǔ)演講比賽。請(qǐng)寫一篇英語(yǔ)演講稿,要求從以下兩方面進(jìn)行闡述,并舉例加以說(shuō)明。

1.美化校園: 種樹(shù)、組織大掃除、養(yǎng)成把垃圾丟到垃圾箱里的好習(xí)慣;

2.保護(hù)學(xué)校設(shè)施:離開(kāi)教室時(shí)關(guān)燈關(guān)門窗、不要讓自來(lái)水流掉、實(shí)驗(yàn)課時(shí)不要浪費(fèi)材料.

寫作要求: 1.只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容;

           2.所給開(kāi)頭的句子不含在5個(gè)句子中。

參考詞匯:

校園――campus; 大掃除---a thorough cleaning設(shè)施――facilities;

氛圍――environment

Possible version

Hello, everyone. It’s nice to speak about what we can do for our school, and I think each of us can do something.

    The first thing we can do is to make our campus more beautiful by planting trees in the school, or organizing a thorough cleaning on the campus. We can also form a good habit of putting the rubbish in the trashcan. The second thing we can do is to protect the facilities in our school. When we leave the classroom, we should never forget to turn off the light or close the door. Don’t leave the tap water running or waste any materials in the laboratory class.

     Thank you for listening!

                             

基礎(chǔ)寫作4---說(shuō)明文

假定你是李華,準(zhǔn)備參加學(xué)校舉辦的主題為“健康成長(zhǎng)”的英語(yǔ)作文比賽。請(qǐng)按要求寫一篇短文,主要內(nèi)容包括:

1.     樂(lè)觀的人生態(tài)度;

2.     努力學(xué)習(xí);

3.     參加體育鍛煉。

寫作要求: 1.只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容;

           2.所給開(kāi)頭的句子不含在5個(gè)句子中。

Possible version

We all want to grow up happily and healthily, and for this goal we must do several things.

    Firstly, we should develop a good attitude toward life since life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times. Secondly, we must study hard because knowledge is power. If we have the power, we can help to build our country and enjoy life better. In order to study well, we need to do sports so that we can keep fit, such as going running, playing ball games, simply taking a walk after a day’s study and so on. If we do those things well, we will be able to grow up happily and healthily.

                             

                                 

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作5----郵件應(yīng)用文

 

假設(shè)你是卜曼宜,你購(gòu)買了一部某外國(guó)公司生產(chǎn)的手機(jī),因有質(zhì)量問(wèn)題,要求該公司更換。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列要點(diǎn),用英文寫一封電子郵件。

寫作要點(diǎn):

1. 問(wèn)題:1)手機(jī)不響鈴,不能發(fā)短信;

2)該產(chǎn)品已售完,無(wú)法更換;

3)型號(hào)新,無(wú)配件,無(wú)法維修。

2. 要求:公司應(yīng)盡快予以更換。

  寫作要求:

1.只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容;

2.所給開(kāi)頭的句子不含在5個(gè)句子中。

3. 參考詞匯:配件―― spare part;

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you for the mobile phone of Dephone-S250 I bought on 20th Apr. 2008 at Tele Mall in Wuhan, P.R. China….

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely yours,

Bu Manyi 

Possible version

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you for the mobile phone of Dephone-S250 I bought on 20th Apr.2008 at Tele Mall in Wuhan, P.R. China. Ten days after that, it didn’t ring and send short messages. Then I took it to the seller, but was told that the model had been sold out and I had to wait at least three months for a new one. Later I went to the repairman, who said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts. I was so desperate on hearing that. Therefore, I require that you send me a new one of the same model within a month.

Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely yours,

Bu Manyi

基礎(chǔ)寫作6----人物描寫

請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的英文短詩(shī),展開(kāi)適當(dāng)?shù)南胂,寫一篇短文?

標(biāo)題為:My Teacher Mr Moore

There’s a teacher Mr .Moore.

Who is lovely and thirty-four.

Always encouraging us to try.

He leads us to a world of“why”.

We all admire him more and more.

注意:1.不得照抄短詩(shī)原文。

2.必須結(jié)合短詩(shī)的內(nèi)容,發(fā)揮想象,適當(dāng)展開(kāi)。

3.必須突出短詩(shī)的主題,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,語(yǔ)意連貫。

4.短文不能寫成詩(shī)歌形式。 5.五句話。

One possible version:

Mr. Moore, one of my teacher aged 34, is a lovely man who impresses me most. Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching, trying various ways to make his classes lively and interesting .In his opinion, we should not only know “what”, but also understand “why”, so instead of giving us answers immediately ,he encourages us to think by ourselves whenever he puts forward questions. With his help, we’ve learned how to analyze and settle problem.

He is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作7-----地點(diǎn)介紹類

假設(shè)你是李華,你的新西蘭筆友Nick 將于八月來(lái)四川旅游,特來(lái)信詢問(wèn)有關(guān)旅游景點(diǎn)情況。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表所提供的要點(diǎn),寫一封回信,并表示盼望他的到來(lái)。

旅游資源

許多世界著名的風(fēng)景名勝,如:九寨溝(海子;清澈見(jiàn)底;色彩斑斕)都江堰水利工程(2,000多年歷史;仍在發(fā)揮作用)

相關(guān)信息

位于中國(guó)西南部,氣候適宜,交通方便

對(duì)四川旅游景點(diǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

(內(nèi)容由考生自己擬定)

1.五句話完成,信的格式及開(kāi)頭以為你寫好(不記入總詞數(shù))。

2.可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。

3.參考詞匯:省份―province       海子―lake

           都江堰水利工程―Dujiangyan Irrigation Project

One possible version:

Dear Nick,

   I’m glad to hear that you’re coming to Sichuan in August. Sichuan Province lies in southwest of China which is a good place for people to enjoy many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. Another attraction is Dujianyan Irrigation Project, which was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. In my opinion, it is a wise choice to travel here.

   I'm looking forward to your coming.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作8----看圖敘事類

下面4幅圖片描述的是星期天上午在中山公園里發(fā)生的一件事。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖片所提供的信息用英語(yǔ)為你校的“英語(yǔ)園地”寫一篇短文。

注意:  ①短文須包括所有圖片的主要內(nèi)容。短文的內(nèi)容要連貫、完整;

          ②用五句話完成短文。

  ③參考詞匯:貨攤stand (n.) ; 搶奪 snatch (v.) ; 逮捕 arrest (v.)

One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park._____________________ _____________________________

One possible version:

One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman was buying an ice-cream when a young man behind her snatched her handbag away. Hearing the shouting“stop him”, a few people began to run after him. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby and as the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it between the snatcher’s legs ,so the young man fell down on the ground hard. Soon two policemen came in a police car and arrested him. At last, the woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作9-----活動(dòng)安排

有一批英國(guó)學(xué)生在廣州旅游,住白天鵝賓館。請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)為他們擬一個(gè)參觀廣州動(dòng)物園的口頭通知,通知的內(nèi)容如下:

參觀時(shí)間:11月11號(hào),星期天;

集合時(shí)間:星期天早上7點(diǎn),行車50分鐘;

集合地點(diǎn):白天鵝賓館大門口;

廣州動(dòng)物園的簡(jiǎn)介:有50年左右的歷史,有各種各樣的動(dòng)物,還有稀有的大熊貓,揚(yáng)子鱷等;

注意事項(xiàng):自帶食物,穿舒服的鞋子。

寫作要求:只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容。

評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫,適當(dāng)使用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。

參考詞匯:揚(yáng)子鱷  Chinese alligators     白天鵝賓館 White Swan Hotel

注意:文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出,但不算字?jǐn)?shù)。

Hi, everyone! May I have your attention, please?

 ____________________________________________________________________________

That’s all. Thank you!

 

One possible version:

Hi, everyone. May I have your attention please?

On Sunday, October 11th, we will visit the Guangzhou Zoo, which has a long history of 50 years or so. There we can see all kinds of animals, including some rare animals such as pandas, Chinese alligators and so on. Those who want to go please gather at the gate of the White Swan Hotel at 7:00 on Sunday morning. It will take us 50 minutes to get to the zoo. Be sure to take some food with you and wear comfortable shoes because we will do a lot of walking.

That’s all. Thank you!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作10----圖表類

最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明如今的中國(guó)青年的人生目標(biāo)比過(guò)去要顯得多元化。這種選擇的變化表明社會(huì)在進(jìn)步,人們的生活目標(biāo)較以前更為實(shí)際。

比例

目標(biāo)

手段

53.5%

掙錢給自己買一房一車

71.9%的人說(shuō)將努力拼搏以實(shí)現(xiàn)人生的目標(biāo)

 

 

44%

提高生活質(zhì)量

43.7%

成為富人

23.9%

找一份好工作

【參考詞匯】   多元化(的):diversified     調(diào)查對(duì)象:respondent

【寫作要求】

以上述信息為材料寫一段五句話的短文。標(biāo)題不計(jì)入句數(shù)。

Chinese Young People's Life Goals Today

                                                                       

One possible version:

Chinese Young People's Life Goals Today

A recent survey shows that in today's society, Chinese young people's life goals have become more diversified than before. When young people are asked what they will struggle for, more than half of the respondents choose to earn enough money to buy a house and a car for themselves. In addition to this practical goal, some people, about 44%, pick up their life goal as improving their life quality or to be a rich person while 23.9% of the respondents are simply satisfied to have a good job. As for how to achieve their life goals, most of them prefer struggling to realize their dreams. The survey shows that the society is making progress and people's life goals have become more practical.

基礎(chǔ)寫作 11----說(shuō)明文-描寫大學(xué)生活

大學(xué)生活即將開(kāi)始,你將面對(duì)新的學(xué)習(xí)和生活環(huán)境,請(qǐng)根據(jù)提示寫一篇英語(yǔ)短文,談?wù)勀愦蛩闳绾伟才拍愕拇髮W(xué)生活。內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)應(yīng)包括:

l         確定新的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

l         改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)方法

l         學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立生活

l         參加各種課外活動(dòng)

l         處理好與同學(xué)的關(guān)系

[寫作要求]

          1.只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容;

2.文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

3、信的開(kāi)關(guān)和結(jié)尾已為你寫好(不計(jì)入你所寫句數(shù));

4、已給出的信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾不得抄入答題卡.

[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]

    句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

范文

 

I will go to college in the near future. After I enter college, I plan to set new goals in my study and improve my way of learning. What’s more, as I am away from my parents, it is necessary for me to learn to live on my own, such as doing some washing and cleaning by myself. In my spare time, I will take part in different kinds of school activities, for example, I will often go to the English Corner to practice my spoken English. In addition, I need to get along well with my classmates and teachers at college. I think I will have a wonderful college life.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作12.---應(yīng)用文-倡議書

2007年4月29日上午10點(diǎn)到11點(diǎn),全國(guó)億萬(wàn)學(xué)生陽(yáng)光體育活動(dòng)在各地大中小學(xué)校同時(shí)進(jìn)行。教育部倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生:

u       每天鍛煉一小時(shí)

u       健康工作五十年

u       幸福生活一輩子

請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以上提示,用英語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)備一份發(fā)言稿,向同學(xué)們講述一下陽(yáng)光體育活動(dòng)的有關(guān)情況,并就高三學(xué)生是否需要每天花一小時(shí)鍛煉,談?wù)勀愕目捶袄碛伞?

注意:

1、  發(fā)言稿應(yīng)包括以上所有信息,要有適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。

2、  只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容。發(fā)言稿的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)寫好,不計(jì)入總句數(shù)。

3、  參考詞匯:陽(yáng)光體育活動(dòng)――a national student sports program;

              教育部――the Ministry of Education

Good afternoon, everyone,

 

____________________________________________________________________

Thank you!

 

Good afternoon, everyone.

On the morning of April 29, 2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of millions of students from primary, middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national studGood afternoon, everyone.

On the morning of April 29, 2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of millions of students from primary, middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national student sports program. The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.

Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise. It is well worth of taking an hour a day for exercise, which helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind. Therefore, we can work more efficiently.

Thank you!

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作14.---議論文-談看法

    最近,你班召開(kāi)了高三學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)會(huì)。會(huì)后,英語(yǔ)老師要求學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文談?wù)勱P(guān)于對(duì)家長(zhǎng)會(huì)的看法的。

要點(diǎn)如下: 1、家長(zhǎng)會(huì)的目的: 相互溝通,提高學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)。

           2、贊同的觀點(diǎn)及理由。

           3、不贊同的觀點(diǎn)及理由。

           4、 你的觀點(diǎn)及理由。

寫作要求: 1、只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容。(開(kāi)頭的句子不計(jì)入總數(shù))

2、可適當(dāng)增加邏輯細(xì)節(jié)。

               Recently a parent’s meeting was held in our school. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

Possible version:

Recently a parent’s meeting was held in our school. But different people have different ideas.

    Some students think it is of great importance to have the meeting for parents to know more about their children at school. On the contrary, others hold the view that it is no use because they may know their children’s poor marks and improper behavior. Even some parents may scold or beat their children.

    In my opinion, to get a better understanding and communication with the teachers and children, parents’ meetings are quite necessary.

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作15.---寫信

假如你在加拿大旅游過(guò),你的筆友李華想留學(xué),要了解加拿大的情況,請(qǐng)你用5句話寫信告訴他。開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出。

地理

加拿大是世界第二大國(guó),是世界是湖泊最多的國(guó)家。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

東部區(qū)以漁業(yè)、森林為主,中部人口最密集。

留學(xué)生活

建議選擇東部留學(xué),因?yàn)榱魧W(xué)生比較少,學(xué)費(fèi)便宜。

醫(yī)療

有病一般去診所,醫(yī)院費(fèi)用非常昂貴,建議購(gòu)買醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),每月54加元

 

Dear Li Hua,

          I am glad to know that you are going to study in Canada, so I am writing to tell you something about this country.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

   寫作要求: 1、只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容。(開(kāi)頭的句子不計(jì)入總數(shù))

2、可適當(dāng)增加邏輯細(xì)節(jié)。

 

Dear Li Hua,

    I am glad to know that you are going to study in Canada, so I am writing to tell you something about this country.

    Canada is the second largest country with the largest number of lakes in the world. The majority of people live in the central part of the country, while fishing and forestry are of great importance in the eastern part. I suggest that you (should) choose to study in the east, where not many international students study and tuition is lower. Most people will go to a clinic instead of a hospital, because it is very expensive to see a doctor there. So I advise you to buy hospitalization insurance, which is 54 Canadian dollars a year.

基礎(chǔ)寫作16―記敘文-成語(yǔ)故事

假如你的美國(guó)朋友正在學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ),他寫來(lái)電子郵件,向你了解中國(guó)成語(yǔ)“掩耳盜鈴”的故

事,請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下的寫作內(nèi)容,用英語(yǔ)寫出這個(gè)故事。

【寫作內(nèi)容】

1.       盜鈴的念頭:深夜里偷竊鄰居家掛在屋外的大鈴鐺。

2.       鐘鳴:掩耳;

3.       盜鈴:被捉;

4.       寓意。

【寫作要求】

只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容。

    Once upon a time there was a stupid man _______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

 

One possible version:

Once upon a time there was a stupid man who went to steal his neighbour’s big bell hung outside the door one night. He tried to get the bell off, but it rang the moment he touched it. He was afraid that someone would hear it, so he covered his ears and got the bell down. Hearing the sound of the bell, a lot of people came to the gate and caught him. The story tells us that we can never fool ourselves by ignoring the facts.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作18―說(shuō)明文-寫短文

假設(shè)你是一位心理輔導(dǎo)老師,你的一位學(xué)生因?yàn)榭荚嚦煽?jī)不好而向你求助。針對(duì)他的情況,請(qǐng)你以Marks Do Not Mean Everything 為題,寫一篇短文開(kāi)導(dǎo)他。

要點(diǎn):

1.  成績(jī)好壞并不意味著一個(gè)學(xué)生的優(yōu)劣;

2.  成績(jī)可以通過(guò)自身的努力提高;

3.  要學(xué)會(huì)調(diào)整心態(tài),爭(zhēng)取進(jìn)步;

4.  只要自己付出,就沒(méi)有什么可后悔的。

寫作要求:

1.必須使用5句子介紹全部所給的內(nèi)容。

2.將5個(gè)句子組織連貫成的一篇短文,使用必要的連接詞。

 

One Possible Version  

                       Marks Do Not Mean Everything

    It is usual that many students’ parents and teachers consider marks as everything, but in fact, marks only show whether one gains more or less achievement in a certain period. It does not mean students who get high marks are top or excellent ones. What’s more, marks can be truly improved if you work hard at your lessons. However hard you feel at present, you will be happy in the future, so you should adjust your mind to reality and make up your mind to make progress. As a matter of fact, if you put your heart into your study, whatever the result is, there is nothing left for you to regret.

 

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作19---應(yīng)用文-自薦信-

閱讀下面一則廣告,按照要求完成寫作任務(wù)。

EIL International English Summer Camp

Volunteer Wanted

   EIL was founded in Britain in 1936 with the fundamental aim of international understanding “Learn to live together by living together”.

Requirements: Over 16; good knowledge of English; outgoing; working well with children

between 7-12

Activities: Language study, outdoor recreation and travel

Campers: Students from different countries

Camp site: Mount Wuyi, Fujian

Time: July 26-August 9

Application deadline: July 15. 2008

      If interested, please e-mail to info@eiuk.org

[寫作內(nèi)容]

   假設(shè)你是李華,這則廣告引起了你的興趣,請(qǐng)用英文寫一封自薦信。要求如下:

注意:1. 信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù);2.只能用五個(gè)句子表達(dá)。

Dear sir,

I’ m Li Hua from Fujian.

__________________________________________________________________________

I am looking forward to your early reply.

Yours sincerely ,

                                                   Li Hua

One possible version

Dear sir,

I’m Li Hua from Fujian. When I was reading the advertisement , the aim of this activity impressed me greatly. I think it is instructive to learn to live together by living together. It is such a good opportunity for the only child like me to learn to share and work together that I recommend myself to you without hesitation.

As a boy of 17, I am outgoing, have a good command of  English and some experience of working well with children aged from 7 to 12. I think it is a kind of win-win activity, through which I can help take care of the children and meanwhile improve my English, make more friends, and enrich my life during the summer vacation.

I am looking forward to your early reply.

                                                       Sincerely yours,

                                                           Li Hua

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作20―應(yīng)用文-回信

 

假定你是李華,David 是你的美國(guó)筆友。他對(duì)中國(guó)鼓勵(lì)使用環(huán)保購(gòu)物袋很感興趣,來(lái)信向你詢問(wèn)此事。請(qǐng)你給他寫封回信。主要內(nèi)容如下:
  ◇ 感謝他的關(guān)注。
  ◇ 簡(jiǎn)要介紹相關(guān)情況。
  ◇ 談?wù)勀愕母邢搿?br> 注意:
  1.詞數(shù)100左右,信的格式已為你寫好。
  2.可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。

3只能用5 個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容。
4.參考詞匯:環(huán)抱購(gòu)物袋---environment-friendly shopping bag; 關(guān)注---concern.

 Dear David,


                                               Yours,
                                                Li Hua

 

One possible version
Dear David,
   I’m glad that you’ve noticed our efforts directed towards environmental protection. Thank you for your concern.
   As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution, our government encourages us to use reusable environment-friendly shopping bags, which are made of a variety of material that can be easily treated when they become rubbish. More and more people in China have realized the advantages of such bags and started using them.
  I believe that the wide use of these shopping bags, one of the many steps we are taking to make our country an even cleaner place, can greatly improve our environment. 

                                               Yours,

                                                Li Hua

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作21----科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)

寫作內(nèi)容

如今,各類電視節(jié)目廣泛使用短信參與方式,對(duì)此人們?cè)u(píng)價(jià)不一。請(qǐng)你對(duì)此現(xiàn)象談?wù)剛(gè)人看法:

態(tài)度一

態(tài)度二

你的態(tài)度

給觀眾提供了更多的參與機(jī)會(huì)

控制不當(dāng),節(jié)目品位無(wú)法保證

 

    ?

給媒體帶來(lái)更多收益

短信費(fèi)用過(guò)高,觀眾易生反感

迎合年輕人對(duì)新事物的追求

沉溺于此,浪費(fèi)精力

 

寫作要求

1、              只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容。

2、              文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

 

Possible version

At present, people react to short messages wildly involved in various TV programs in different ways.

Defenders hold the view that short messages offer the audiences more chances to participate in the live programs, which can bring the mass media a lot of benefits and appeal to the need of the young people. Critics accuse that if the short messages are out of control, we cannot ensure the taste of the programs, and the expenses may make audiences feel bad. To make matters worse, some adolescents are so abdicated to them that too much time and energy are wasted.

As far as I am concerned ,the short message is typical of information technology, but it is a powerful tool that needs to be used with care.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作22 -- 日;顒(dòng)

今年來(lái),中學(xué)生打零工變得越來(lái)越普遍。請(qǐng)你就這一現(xiàn)象結(jié)合下表,寫一篇英語(yǔ)短文。

寫作內(nèi)容

 

現(xiàn)象

根 據(jù)調(diào)查,大約有25%的中學(xué)生打零工;

在 書架,這一數(shù)字將增加到72%;

他 大多數(shù)作家教、服務(wù)員、銷售員。

原因

想 賺錢支付部分的學(xué)費(fèi);

想 經(jīng)濟(jì)上獨(dú)立,買自己想買的東西。

意義

能 獲得工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),拓寬視野;

能 給中學(xué)生提供了解外部世界的機(jī)會(huì)。

寫作要求

1、  只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容。

2、  文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

Possible version

According to a recent survey, about 25% of the high school students who do part-time jobs work as tutors, waiters or salesmen. This figure will increase to 75% on the summer vacation.

Why they want part-time jobs is that they want to earn some money to help pay part of the high school tuition and that they hope to be economically independent and buy what they need. By doing part-time jobs, high school students can gain some work experience, and broaden their outlooks. They can get valuable chances to know about the outside world at the same time.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作23---記敘文―描敘人物

寫作內(nèi)容:

題目:Great Swimmer Michael Phelps

1. 米高.?菲爾普斯是美國(guó)一位非凡的游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員。1985年6月30日出生于美國(guó)馬利蘭州巴爾的摩市。

2. 他7歲開(kāi)始游泳,經(jīng)歷了許多艱苦的訓(xùn)練。15歲的時(shí)候,他參加了2000年奧運(yùn)會(huì),并在200米蝶泳比賽中排名第五。據(jù)報(bào)道,他是這次次奧運(yùn)會(huì)中自1932年以來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的最年輕的男性選手。

3.在北京奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì), ?菲爾普斯實(shí)現(xiàn)了他的8枚金牌夢(mèng),打破了7個(gè)世界紀(jì)錄,創(chuàng)造了歷史。

4. 你的啟示。(可以用諺語(yǔ))

 

寫作要求:只能用5個(gè)句子(不包括已給出的部分)表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容。

參考詞匯:邁克爾.菲爾普斯Michael Phelps;馬利蘭州巴爾的摩市 Baltimore, Maryland ;非凡的extraordinary..蝶泳butterfly。

 

 

Possible version

Great swimmer――Michael Phelps

Michael Phelps is a great American swimmer who was born in Baltimore, Maryland on June 30, 1985. When he was seven years old.. he started swimming and experienced much tough professional training. At the age of 15, he attended the 2000 Olympics and placed fifth in the 200-meter butterfly as the youngest male athlete to compete in the Olympics since 1932. Furthermore, at the Beijing Olympic Games, Phelps realized his 8- gold medal dream and bravely broke 7 world records, creating the history.

It’s no wonder that where there’s a will, there’s a way., as the old saying says.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作24―介紹文

請(qǐng)以中國(guó)畫為題,介紹中國(guó)畫的歷史,分類,主體及其名家等。

[寫作內(nèi)容]

根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容寫一篇短文。

1.  中國(guó)畫作為中國(guó)文化的一個(gè)重要組成部分,有著6000多年的歷史。

2.  它可根據(jù)表現(xiàn)形式分類為工筆畫和寫意畫。

3.  中國(guó)畫常見(jiàn)的主體有:人物、風(fēng)景、植物、鳥(niǎo)、動(dòng)物。

4.  著名的畫家有:顧愷之,唐伯虎、徐悲鴻、齊白石等。

5.  目前,中國(guó)畫越來(lái)越受到全世界的喜愛(ài)和重視。

 

[寫作要求]

1.只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容;

2.文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

 [評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]

    句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

參考詞匯:類別category; 工筆畫the Gongbi school; 寫意畫the Xieyi school

 

參考范文:

As an important part of Chinese culture, Chinese painting can date back to more than 6,000 years ago. According to the means of expressions, Chinese paintings can be divided into two categories: the Xieyi school and the Gongbi school. People, landscape, plants, birds and animals are the most popular themes of traditional Chinese painting. In the history of Chinese painting, there were many famous painters, such as Gu Kaizhi, Tang Bohu, Qi Baishi and Xu Beihong, etc. Nowadays, Chinese painting is becoming more and more popular and highly thought of throughout the world.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作25---簡(jiǎn)歷

請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的信息提示,使用5個(gè)規(guī)范的英語(yǔ)句子描述所給的全部信息內(nèi)容。

[信息提示]

假設(shè)你是李華,想申請(qǐng)到一家外資企業(yè)工作。對(duì)方要求你用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文,介紹自己的基本情況。短文包括下列全部?jī)?nèi)容。

 

姓名

 

李華

出生年月

1987年2月

出生地

廣東省潮州市

學(xué)歷

1994-2000 光明小學(xué)

2000-2006年7月潮州市第二中學(xué)

所學(xué)主要課程

語(yǔ)文、數(shù)學(xué)、英語(yǔ)、物理、化學(xué)、電腦

特長(zhǎng)

英語(yǔ)、電腦

業(yè)余愛(ài)好

瓷器制作、集郵、流行音樂(lè)

[寫作要求]

1.情況介紹必須采用短文形式;

2.只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容;

3.將5個(gè)句子組織成連貫的短文;

4.參考詞匯:陶瓷 porcelain;

[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]

句子結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確性;信息內(nèi)容的完整性和連貫性。

 

                                                                                  

I’m Li Hua, born in Chaozhou in February 1987. From 1994 to 2000 ,I studied in Guangming Primary school and I went to No. 2 Middle School of Chaozhou the following six years. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer. I like English and computer best and I am very good at them. In my spare time, not only do I enjoy listening to music, collecting stamps, but also I love making porcelain .(83字)

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作26---應(yīng)聘信

你是在校大學(xué)生李華,暑假前夕有一天在學(xué)校的告示板上看到下面一則尋找家教的廣告,你打算按要求寫一封信去應(yīng)聘,并留下自己的聯(lián)絡(luò)電話88866907

WANTED:TUTOR FOR TWO SENIOR3 BOYS

Requirement

Work time: 9:00, Mon. Fri. July 10 to Aug 10

Payment: 100 yuan per hour

                                       Mr Allen Lee

                                  189 Sunshine Street, Guangzhou,510089

寫作內(nèi)容:

 1. 說(shuō)明自己有資格擔(dān)任此家庭教師,是學(xué)校的優(yōu)秀學(xué)生,各科成績(jī)優(yōu)秀

 2. 有充分系統(tǒng)的備考資料,深刻的備考高考體會(huì)樂(lè)意與他人分享

 3. 自己在校時(shí)積極參與各項(xiàng)活動(dòng),善于與他人相處

參考詞匯:

優(yōu)秀學(xué)生one of the top ten students

高考備考資料materials for the preparation of the College Entrance Examination

寫作要求:

 1.必須使用5個(gè)句子介紹全部所給的內(nèi)容

 2.信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出

 Dear Mr. Allen Lee

    I am writing to ask for the tutor job for the two Senior 3 boys.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

   I look forward to your reply at 888666907

                                            Yours sincerely

                                             Li Hua

Possible versions:

Dear Mr Allen Lee,

   I am writing to ask for the tutor job for the two Senior 3 boys.

   As a college student, I’m sure that I have all the right qualification needed for the job.

Firstly, I am proud to say that I am one of the top ten students in my grade, and perform well in all my academic subjects. Besides, I have  collected plenty of important materials for the preparation of the College Entrance Examination, which contain all the necessary knowledge we need to review  in a systematic way. I am very glad to share these materials as well as my experience in preparing and taking the College Entrance Examination with others. Lastly, I take an active part in various activities in and outside my school and have been able to keep a really good  relationship with those around me; thus, I do think I am the very person you are looking  for. I look forward to your reply at 88866907.

                                              Your sincerely

                                                  Li Hua

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作27―寫信

   請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下的情景說(shuō)明,使用5個(gè)規(guī)范的英語(yǔ)句子描述全部所給的信息內(nèi)容。

[情景說(shuō)明]

假如你是一名中學(xué)生,叫李曉華,請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表內(nèi)容用英語(yǔ)寫信給某報(bào)社Just ask欄目的主持人Ralph,請(qǐng)求幫助解決一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期困擾你的問(wèn)題。

你的情況

1.       學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)好。

2.       愛(ài)母親。

3.       有點(diǎn)害怕母親。

你母親的情況

1.       對(duì)你很嚴(yán),易發(fā)脾氣。

2.       很少有時(shí)間和你說(shuō)話。

你的問(wèn)題

1.       很少交流。

2.       希望互相了解。

3.       不知如何溝通。

[寫作要求]

1.       必須使用5個(gè)句子介紹全部所給的內(nèi)容

2.       將5個(gè)句子組織成連貫的短文

3.       參考詞匯:發(fā)脾氣 lose one’s temper

4.       開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出。

Dear Ralph,

I’m a middle school student

_________________________________________________                  ___________

_______________________________________________________________________________

I do hope we’ll be closer. What can I do?  Looking forward to your reply.

Best wishes!

                                                Yours sincerely,

                                                    Li Xiaohua

Possible versions:

Dear Ralph, I’m a middle school student. I’m writing to tell you my problem that the relationship between my mother and me which has troubled me for a long time. My mother who is strict with me finds little time to talk to me. I love her and I do well in my studies, but I still feel a little afraid of her because she loses her temper easily, so I don’t know how to communicate with her. Maybe it’s because we have seldom sat down and exchanged our feelings and thoughts. I hope we can know more about each other and understand each other better. I do hope we’ll be closer. What can I do? Looking forward to your reply. Best wishes!                                                     Yours sincerely,                                                           Li Xiaohua

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作28―主題班會(huì)

假定你是班長(zhǎng)李華,就“中學(xué)生玩電子游戲”這個(gè)主題開(kāi)了一個(gè)主題班會(huì)。根據(jù)以下討論結(jié)果用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文: 1)現(xiàn)在中學(xué)生玩電子游戲非常普遍; 2)一些同學(xué)認(rèn)為:中學(xué)生玩電子游戲可以帶來(lái)快樂(lè)和促進(jìn)興趣、智力發(fā)展; 3)多數(shù)人認(rèn)為:中學(xué)生自制力差,玩游戲容易上癮,從而荒廢學(xué)業(yè); 4)你的觀點(diǎn)。 [寫作要求] 只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容。

 

Possible versions:

Video games have become very popular among middle school students nowadays. Some of the students think such kinds of games can bring them joy and develop their imagination and interest in electronics and computer science. But the majority think that school children spend too much time playing them, which certainly does harm to their health and study. In my opinion, video games are a kind of wonderful entertainment. And you can certainly obtain pleasure and benefit from them if you have enough self-control in playing them.

 

 基礎(chǔ)寫作29―主題班會(huì)

你校學(xué)生會(huì)準(zhǔn)備辦一期英語(yǔ)墻報(bào),主題為:保護(hù)環(huán)境從我做起。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下列提示寫一篇英語(yǔ)短文。 1         節(jié)約用電 2         保護(hù)森林 3         合理利用紙張 4         放棄使用紙杯及一次性筷子 5         表達(dá)對(duì)未來(lái)美好環(huán)境的憧憬 寫作要求: 1 用五個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確, 信息內(nèi)容完整, 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫, 語(yǔ)言通順流暢。 2 文章開(kāi)頭已給出。 參考詞匯: 一次性筷子 disposable chopsticks

What can I do for our environment?

Everyone can do something for our environment.  _____________________________________________________________________

 

Possible versions:

What can I do for our environment?

Everyone can do something for our environment. For me, I should try to save electricity in my daily life. For example, if I am the last person leave the classroom in the evening, I will always remember to turn off the lights. In order to protect our forests, I will use paper wisely and try to use both sides of paper whenever it is possible. Besides, I will not use things like paper cups and disposable chopsticks because they are made of wood. I believe that doing all these small things will improve our environment and help make our world a better place to live in.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作30―介紹文

 

近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的外國(guó)友人對(duì)北京的胡同感興趣。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下中文提綱,編寫一篇關(guān)于北京胡同(Hutong)的英語(yǔ)介紹: [寫作內(nèi)容] 目的:大部分建于元明清三代,便于統(tǒng)治者管理、監(jiān)視人們的行為。 破壞:因?yàn)檎魏徒?jīng)濟(jì)原因,在清朝末期,損毀嚴(yán)重。新中國(guó)成立后得到修繕。 結(jié)構(gòu):胡同將人們住的房子連接起來(lái)。 現(xiàn)狀:越來(lái)越多的外國(guó)人游覽胡同。 [寫作要求] 只能使用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容。 [評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]      句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

 

 

Possible versions:

The majority of Beijing’s Hutongs, which made it easy for the emperors to rule the people and keep an eye on their movements, were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, many Hutongs were serioulsly destroyed due to some political and econocical reasons. After the People’s Republic of China was founded, the situation was greatly improved. The Hutongs connect not only the houses where people live but also people’s lives. Nowadays, more and more foreigners visit the Hutongs to expeience the traditional Beijing.

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作31---應(yīng)用文-寫信

請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下的情景說(shuō)明,使用5個(gè)規(guī)范句子表達(dá)全部的內(nèi)容.

開(kāi)學(xué)初老師和家長(zhǎng)都要?jiǎng)⒑W⌒W(xué)習(xí),他卻不喜歡,雙方各持己見(jiàn).假如你是劉海,用英語(yǔ)把這個(gè)情況寫信告訴英語(yǔ)周報(bào)請(qǐng)求幫助.

老師和家長(zhǎng)的理由

劉海的理由

1.       方便問(wèn)問(wèn)題 2.       晚自習(xí)時(shí)間更有保證 3.       培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立生活的能力

1.       晚上有更多自習(xí)時(shí)間 2.       學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容可以自由支配

寫作要求 1.       必須用5句話表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容. 2.       信的開(kāi)頭,結(jié)尾已為你寫好. Dear Sir,    I’m a senior 3 student. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________                                                                 Yours, Possible versions:

Sir, Dear    I’m a senior 3 student. I’m writing to tell you the discussion about whether to board in the school or at home . My parents and teachers suggested I board in the school with a handful of reasons. They said it would be convenient for me to ask teachers questions at any time, make the most of the my night time, and make it possible to develop my ability of independence. However, I think when staying at home in the evening, I can have more time to work at my lessons, especially the subjects I’m not good at. I really don’t know what to do and want you to give me your advice.                                                                 Yours,                                                                 Liu Hai

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作32---記敘文

 

昨天下午學(xué)校為你們舉辦了18歲成人儀式。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列要點(diǎn),用5句完整的句子進(jìn)行描述,記敘活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容。

1成人宣誓做一個(gè)對(duì)社會(huì)有責(zé)任感的人; 2.感謝家長(zhǎng)辛勤培養(yǎng)和老師的悉心教導(dǎo);  3.老師送賀卡已示美好祝愿;  4.表演節(jié)目;   5.自己感受學(xué)到了很多,并永遠(yuǎn)記住這一天. 生詞提示: 宣誓 make an oath         儀式 ceremony ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

 

 

Possible versions:

Yesterday afternoon, our school held a growing-up ceremony for our coming 18-year-old birthday. At first we made an oath that as grown-ups we should have a sense of duty for our society from now on. Then we showed our thanks to our parents who had gone through hardships to bring us up and teachers that have been educating us patiently. And our teachers also gave us cards expressing their good wishes to us. Finally, we put on wonderful performances. I think I will remember the day forever,  when we learned a lot from the activity.

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作33---議論文

假如你是某中學(xué)學(xué)生李華。最近,你班同學(xué)正在參加21世紀(jì)英文報(bào)“大家談”欄目的一個(gè)討論。本次話題為:“父母有沒(méi)有必要陪讀?”

請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表所列情況給報(bào)社寫一封信,客觀地介紹討論的情況。

70%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為:

30%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為:

1.父母不應(yīng)該陪讀

2.父母陪讀讓我們養(yǎng)成依賴的習(xí)慣,不利于我們將來(lái)自控能力的培養(yǎng),不利于我們培養(yǎng)良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

3.父母陪讀影響了他們的工作、學(xué)習(xí)和休息

1.父母應(yīng)該陪讀

2.父母陪讀能使我們騰出更多的時(shí)間專心學(xué)習(xí),使我們身體更健康。

3.父母陪讀能幫助我們確立學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),督促我 們完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),鼓勵(lì)我們獨(dú)立解決困難,培養(yǎng)我們養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

注意:

1.信的形式已經(jīng)為你寫好。2.用5句話表達(dá)所有內(nèi)容。

3.參考詞匯:陪讀 accompany sb. studying at school   督促 urge

Dear editor,

    I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether our parents should accompany us studying at school.

 

 

Yours truly,

                                                               Li Hua

 

Possible versions:

Dear editor, I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether our parents should accompany us studying at school. We do have different opinions on this matter. Most of us (about 70%) think out parents should not accompany us studying at school since it make us fall into the habit of dependence, so that we won’t form the good habit of studying. What’s more, it is harmful for us to form the habit of controlling ourselves and at the same time it affects our parents’ work studies and rest. While about 30% of my classmates think it necessary for our parents to accompany us studying at school. Accompanying us studying school can let us have more time to spare for our studies and we shall be more healthy for their cooking. On the other hand our parents can help us set up our aim, urge us to finish our task, encourage us to overcome difficulties and get us into the good habit of studying.

 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作34---應(yīng)用文-寫信

假如你是一名中學(xué)教師,名叫趙明. 你對(duì)越來(lái)越多的中學(xué)生吸煙甚感憂慮,因此給某家英文報(bào)紙的編輯寫信反映這個(gè)問(wèn)題.信的主要內(nèi)容如下: 1 兩年前,僅有約15%的男生吸煙,如今吸煙者多達(dá)55%,甚至有的女生也吸煙. 2 舉兩三個(gè)例子說(shuō)明吸煙的危害性

3 奉勸大家戒煙

寫作要求:只能用5句話完成。

 

One possible version:

Dear editor,

I’m a middle school teacher and I’m worried about the increasing number of students who smoke in schools. Two years ago, only about 15 percent of the boys smoked, but today 55 percent do , and even a few girls smoke, too. As is well known, smoking does great harm to our health and facts have shown that many serious diseases , such as lung cancer and heart disease, are connected with smoking. When one smokes in public places, harm is done not only to himself but also to all the people around, and if one smokes , he’ll  have to spend a lot of money on it. So I wish to give the students a piece of advice: give up smoking and keep yourselves healthy.

Yours truly,  

Zhao Ming 

 

基礎(chǔ)寫作35---應(yīng)用文-寫信

 

S城的交通擁擠現(xiàn)象目趨嚴(yán)重,事故時(shí)有發(fā)生,告別是在早晚上,下班高峰期。市政府決定采取措施改善交通現(xiàn)狀,向廣大市民征集建議。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的要點(diǎn)向市政府提出建議。 (1)修繕公路,改善路面狀況; (2)修筑立交橋,緩

試題詳情

化學(xué)專題(七)

無(wú)機(jī)推斷題的突破

 

[命題趨向]

推理能力是高考測(cè)試的五項(xiàng)能力之一!犊荚嚧缶V》中對(duì)推理能力是這樣界定的:“通常根據(jù)已知的知識(shí)和題目給定的事實(shí)和條件,抽象、歸納相關(guān)信息,對(duì)自然科學(xué)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行邏輯推理和論證,得出正確的結(jié)論或做出正確的判斷,并能把推理過(guò)程正確地表達(dá)出來(lái)”。

無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)推斷題既可以綜合考查元素化合物方面的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、還可聯(lián)系到化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論、化學(xué)基本計(jì)算、化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象等等,另外無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)推斷題可以較好地測(cè)試推斷能力,所以近幾年的高考試題中,無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)推斷題成了每年高考中考查推理能力的保留題型。分析今高考中物質(zhì)推斷題,主要可分成以下三類:選擇型推斷題、文字?jǐn)⑹鲂屯茢囝}、框圖型推斷題。

從推理能力考查的特點(diǎn)分析,高考無(wú)機(jī)推斷題中主要表現(xiàn)了以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):

(1)單信息、多信息并重。同一道推斷題中,有的結(jié)論只要分析單個(gè)信息就可以得出,有的結(jié)論需要同時(shí)綜合多條信息才能得出。

(2)正向、逆向、統(tǒng)攝三種形式的推理并重。有些結(jié)論的得出過(guò)程中,需要正向、逆向、統(tǒng)攝等三種推理形式。

③定性、定量分析并重。推斷過(guò)程中既需要定性分析、又需要定量分析。

④計(jì)算和邏輯推理(討論)并重。

[知識(shí)體系和復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)]

《考試大綱》中對(duì)元素化合物知識(shí)的綜合要求較高,具體要求如下:

(1)了解在生活和生產(chǎn)中常見(jiàn)無(wú)機(jī)化合物的性質(zhì)和用途。

(2)能夠運(yùn)用無(wú)機(jī)化合物各部分知識(shí)進(jìn)行綜合推斷,解決有關(guān)的綜合問(wèn)題。

(3)能夠綜合運(yùn)用無(wú)機(jī)化合物、有機(jī)化合物知識(shí)進(jìn)行綜合分析,解決有關(guān)的綜合問(wèn)題。

[典型題析]

[例1](2004年高考海南理綜第9題)有一種白色粉末由等質(zhì)量的兩種物質(zhì)混合而成,分別取適量該白色粉末置于三支試管中進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。

(1)逐滴加入6mol?L-1鹽酸,同時(shí)不斷振蕩試管,有氣泡產(chǎn)生,反應(yīng)結(jié)束后得到無(wú)色透明溶液

(2)加熱試管中的白色粉末,試管口有水滴凝結(jié)

(3)逐滴加入6mol?L-1硫酸,同時(shí)不斷振蕩試管,有氣泡產(chǎn)生,反應(yīng)結(jié)束后試管中還有白色不溶物

下列混合物中符合以上實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象的是(    )

A.NaHCO3、AgNO3                 B.BaCl2、MgCO3

C.NH4HCO3、MgCl2                 D.CaCl2?6H2O、Na2CO3

[解析]答案選D。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)(1)可排除A組。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)(2)可排除B組。根據(jù)(3)分析C和D組,只有D組中的氯化鈣可以跟硫酸反應(yīng)留下的白色不溶物硫酸鈣(硫酸鈣微溶)。所以選D。

要注意,作為選擇型推斷題,也可以從選擇項(xiàng)入手進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,逐項(xiàng)判斷跟題干中各個(gè)條件是否吻合。

[例2]A、B、C是三種短周期元素的單質(zhì),甲、乙是兩種常見(jiàn)的化合物。這些化合物和單質(zhì)之間存在如下圖所示的關(guān)系。

             

據(jù)此判斷:

(1)在甲、乙兩種化合物中,不含有組成A元素的化合物是_________,不含組成B元素的化合物是_______________(用“甲”、“乙”填寫)。

(2)單質(zhì)A是_____________(填“金屬”、“非金屬”或“既可以是金屬又可以是非金屬”)。

(3)若單質(zhì)A是___________,則單質(zhì)B、C分別是______________;若單質(zhì)A是________,則單B、C分別是_____________;若單質(zhì)A是___________,則單質(zhì)B、C分別是________________。

[解析](1)從圖中可發(fā)現(xiàn)下列反應(yīng)關(guān)系:“單質(zhì)B+單質(zhì)C→化合物甲”,故甲中不含A元素;“單質(zhì)A+單質(zhì)C→化合物乙”,故乙中不含有B元素。

(2)從圖示信息進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,可提煉出“單質(zhì)A+ 化合物甲→單質(zhì)B+化合物乙”該反應(yīng)屬置換反應(yīng)。置換反應(yīng)有如下幾種情況:

    第一種情況:金屬單質(zhì)置換出金屬單質(zhì)。結(jié)合鋁熱反應(yīng)可獲得下列各種可能:(a)A為鋁、B為鐵、C為氧氣等(鋁與金屬氧化物如四氧化三鐵、三氧化二鐵、氧化銅、二氧化錳、五氧化二釩等多種氧化物進(jìn)行的反應(yīng),因而可得出多組答案。但由于題中限定了是短周期元素,可排除這些可能性)。

    第二種情況:非金屬單質(zhì)置換出非金屬單質(zhì)。結(jié)合一些反應(yīng)實(shí)例可獲得答案(b)A、B、C依次為(下同)Cl2、S、H2;(c)O2、S、H2;(d)F2、O2、H2。(還可進(jìn)一步分析:反應(yīng)中單質(zhì)表現(xiàn)了何種性質(zhì)?總結(jié)出:氧化性A>B。)這樣,就可進(jìn)而獲得更多答案(e)Cl2、Br2、H2;(f)Cl2、I2、H2;(g)Br2、I2、H2;(h)I、S、H2;(I)C、H2、O2(制水煤氣);(j)C、Si、O2(工業(yè)上制硅);(k)Br2、S、H2;(l)Cl2、N2、H2;(m)Si、H2、F2。

第三種情況:金屬單質(zhì)置換出非金屬單質(zhì)。(n)4)Mg、C、O2。

第四種情況:非金屬單質(zhì)置換出金屬單質(zhì)。(o)H2、Cu、O2;(p)H2、Fe、O2;(q)C、Cu、O2(由于鐵、銅等不是短周期元素,所以不合題意)。

答案為:(1)甲;乙。

(2)單質(zhì)A可以是金屬也可以是非金屬。

(3)可以有多組答案(見(jiàn)思路精析)。

[例6](2004年高考江蘇化學(xué)試題):下圖中,A是一種無(wú)色液體,G是極易溶于水的堿性氣體,Y是胃酸的主要成分,K是不溶于稀硝酸的白色沉淀,反應(yīng)⑤是工業(yè)制X的主要反應(yīng)之一。

請(qǐng)按要求填空:

(1)寫出下列物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式:A      ,E     ,F(xiàn)       ,Y     。

(2)反應(yīng)⑤的化學(xué)方程式為:                             。

(3)1molB通過(guò)反應(yīng)②得到1molF,B中F的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為72%,則B的化學(xué)式為:         。

答案:(1)H2O;N2;Ag;HCl。(2)4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O。(3)AgN3。

簡(jiǎn)析:抓住題中某一條信息可立即推出G是NH3、Y是HCl、K是AgCl。再根據(jù)G是氨氣可逆向推得A是水、D是H2、C是O2、E是N2,正向推出J是NO(跟“反應(yīng)⑤是工業(yè)制X的主要反應(yīng)之一”相吻合)。這里要求解題者在推理過(guò)程中能夠敏捷地抓住題給信息從不同方向作出有用的判斷,測(cè)試思維的靈活性。

由K是氯化銀、Y是鹽酸可推出I是硝酸銀,進(jìn)而可得出X是硝酸。所以H是二氧化氮,F(xiàn)是單質(zhì)銀。這里主要測(cè)試解題者能否在一個(gè)全新的問(wèn)題背景中,運(yùn)用已掌握的元素化合物基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)作出判斷。

綜合以上信息可得知,B物質(zhì)中含有銀、氮兩種元素,利用題給數(shù)據(jù)可計(jì)算出B的化學(xué)式為AgN3。這一問(wèn)難度較高,這是下面三個(gè)原因:第一,這一問(wèn)是建立在前幾問(wèn)的基礎(chǔ)之上的,若答不出前幾問(wèn),就無(wú)法回答這一問(wèn);第二,需經(jīng)過(guò)定量計(jì)算才能作出判斷;第三,“AgN3”是高中化學(xué)中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)的一種物質(zhì),有的考生想不到或不敢相信自己的計(jì)算結(jié)果。

[考題預(yù)測(cè)與專題訓(xùn)練]

1.某白色固體可能由①氯化銨,②氯化鋁,③氯化鈉,④硝酸銀,⑤氫氧化鉀中的一種或幾種組成,此固體投入水中得到澄清溶液,該溶液可使酚酞呈紅色,若向溶液中加稀硝酸到過(guò)量,有白色沉淀生成。對(duì)原固體的判斷不正確的是(    )

A.肯定不存在②              B.至少存在②和⑤

C.無(wú)法確定是否存在③        D.至少存在①、④、⑤

2.對(duì)某酸性溶液(可能含有Br,SO42,H2SO3,NH4)分別進(jìn)行如下實(shí)驗(yàn):

①加熱時(shí)放出的氣體可以使品紅溶液褪色

②加堿調(diào)至堿性后,加熱時(shí)放出的氣體可以使?jié)櫇竦募t色石蕊試紙變藍(lán);

③加入氯水時(shí),溶液略顯黃色,再加入BaCl2溶液時(shí),產(chǎn)生的白色沉淀不溶于稀硝酸

對(duì)于下列物質(zhì)不能確認(rèn)其在溶液中是否存在的是(  )

A.Br    B.SO42    C.H2SO3    D.NH4

3.類推的思維方法在化學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)與研究中常會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論。因此類推出的結(jié)論最終要經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)才能決定其正確與否。以下幾種類推結(jié)論中,不正確的是(   )

(A)金屬鎂失火不能用二氧化碳滅火器撲滅;金屬鈉失火也不能用二氧化碳滅火

(B)Fe3O4可以寫成FeO?Fe2O3;Pb3O4也可以寫成PbO?Pb2O3

(C)不能用電解AlCl3溶液來(lái)制取金屬鋁;也不能用電解MgCl2溶液來(lái)制取金屬鎂

(D)Fe與S直接化合可得到FeS;Al和S直接化合也可以得到Al2S3

4.某白色固體可能由①氯化銨,②氯化鋁,③氯化鈉,④硝酸銀,⑤氫氧化鉀中的一種或幾種組成,此固體投入水中得到澄清溶液,該溶液可使酚酞呈紅色,若向溶液中加稀硝酸到過(guò)量,有白色沉淀生成。對(duì)原固體的判斷不正確的是(    )

(A)肯定不存在②              (B)至少存在②和⑤

(C)無(wú)法確定是否存在③        (D)至少存在①、④、⑤

5.下圖為固體物質(zhì)A及其產(chǎn)物發(fā)生的一系列反應(yīng)的框圖,每一個(gè)方框內(nèi)表示有一種反應(yīng)物或生成物(反應(yīng)條件及反應(yīng)所需和生成的水均已略去),其中A、G為反應(yīng)物,C、F在常溫下均為氣體:

             

       (1)試寫出B和C的分子式________________。

       (2)寫出把F通入到E物質(zhì)的水溶液中所發(fā)生的反應(yīng)④的離子方程式____________。

       6.從某物質(zhì)A的水溶液出發(fā),有下圖所示的一系列變化(參與反應(yīng)或生成的水均沒(méi)有標(biāo)出)。
      

(1)寫出下列物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式:E____________、H____________、G____________、W____________。

 

(2)寫出A+X®B+C+D的化學(xué)方程式________________________________。

(3)寫出G+W®B+X+H的離子方程式______________________________。

7.下圖中A~L分別表示反應(yīng)中的一種常見(jiàn)物質(zhì),E、F、I在通常狀況下是氣體單質(zhì),其中E為有剌激性氣味的氣體,X、Y是常見(jiàn)的金屬單質(zhì),參加反應(yīng)的水以及生成的水在圖中已略去。

填寫下列空白:

(1)E是_______________;J是__________________。(寫化學(xué)式)

(2)寫出D+X→F+G的離子方程式:________________________________________。

(3)寫出A+B→C+E的化學(xué)方程式:_________________________________________ 。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

試題詳情

2009高考物理專題沖刺三

命題范圍:  曲線運(yùn)動(dòng)、萬(wàn)有引力

說(shuō)明:本試卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分,共150分;答題時(shí)間120分鐘.

第Ⅰ卷(選擇題,共40分)

試題詳情

南昌市2008-2009學(xué)年度高三測(cè)試卷數(shù)學(xué)(4

試題詳情

南昌市2008-2009學(xué)年度高三測(cè)試卷數(shù)學(xué)(3

試題詳情

化學(xué)專題(六)

金屬元素的梳理和綜合

浙江  陳進(jìn)前

 

[命題趨向]

1.《考試大綱》中對(duì)金屬元素及化合物這塊內(nèi)容可分成二部分來(lái)理解。第一部分是鈉、鎂等典型的金屬元素的化合物;第二部分是其他金屬(如鐵和鋁)元素的化合物。每年的化學(xué)高考試題中往往都要考查到典型金屬。

2.《考試大綱》中有多條類似于“以××為例,了解(或理解、掌握)××××”的內(nèi)容敘述,如:以過(guò)氧化鈉為例,了解過(guò)氧化物的性質(zhì);以Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)的相互轉(zhuǎn)化為例,了解變價(jià)金屬元素的氧化還原性。對(duì)這些內(nèi)容的要注意理解實(shí)質(zhì),達(dá)到“舉一反三”的要求。在這些內(nèi)容往往是高考命題的重點(diǎn)。

3.金屬元素及其化合物跟化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的綜合。近幾年的實(shí)驗(yàn)試題中比較多地出現(xiàn)了以金屬元素及其化合物為落點(diǎn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)試題和元素推斷題,請(qǐng)大家加以重視。

[知識(shí)體系和復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)]

1.金屬的通性

金屬的化學(xué)性質(zhì)主要表現(xiàn)為易失去最外層的電子,顯示還原性,這與它們的原子結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。常見(jiàn)金屬的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)列于下表:

 

金屬活動(dòng)性

順序

K  Ca  Na  Mg  Al  Mn  Zn  Fe  Sn Pb (H)Cu  Hg  Ag  Pt  Au

金屬原子

失電子能力

                  依次減小,還原性減弱

空氣中跟氧氣的反應(yīng)

易被氧化

常溫時(shí)能被氧化

 

加熱時(shí)能被氧化

不能被氧化

跟水的反應(yīng)

常溫可置換出水中的氫

加熱或與水蒸氣反應(yīng)時(shí)能置換出水中的氫

 

不與水反應(yīng)

 

跟酸的反應(yīng)

能置換出稀酸(如HCl、H2SO4)中的氫

 

不能置換出稀酸中的氫

反應(yīng)劇烈

反應(yīng)程度依次減弱

 

能跟濃硫酸、硝酸反應(yīng)

能跟王水反應(yīng)

跟鹽的反應(yīng)

位于金屬活動(dòng)性順序前面的金屬可以將后面的金屬?gòu)钠潲}溶液中置換出來(lái)

跟堿的反應(yīng)

Al、Zn等具有兩性的金屬可以與堿反應(yīng)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.堿金屬元素及其化合物聯(lián)系脈絡(luò)

3.Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的轉(zhuǎn)化

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[典型題析]

[例1]1998年中國(guó)十大科技成果之一是合成一維納米氮化鎵。已知鎵是第ⅢA族元素,則氮化鎵的化學(xué)式可能是(    )

(A)Ga3N2       (B)Ga2N3             (C)GaN        (D)Ga3N

[解析]鎵是第ⅢA族元素,與鋁元素相似可表現(xiàn)+3價(jià),氮元素跟鎵結(jié)合氮元素應(yīng)表現(xiàn)-3價(jià),所以氮化鎵的化學(xué)式應(yīng)該是GaN。答案選C。

[例2]在鐵與銅的混合物中,加入一定量的稀硝酸,充分反應(yīng)后剩余金屬m1g,再向其中加入一定量的稀硫酸,充分振蕩后,剩余金屬m2g,則m1m2之間的關(guān)系是(  )

(A)m1一定大于m2                   (B)m1可能m2

(C)m1一定等于m2                   (D)m1可能大于m2

[解析]鐵和銅的混合物與一定量的硝酸反應(yīng),當(dāng)金屬剩余時(shí),硝酸耗盡,但生成物中有硝酸亞鐵或硝酸銅或這兩種物質(zhì)的混合物。若再向其中加入稀硫酸,則繼續(xù)發(fā)生如下反應(yīng):

    3Cu+8H++2NO3- = 3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2O

或:3Fe +8H++2NO3- = 3Fe2++2NO↑+4H2O

    Fe +4H++NO3- = Fe2++NO↑+2H2O

使金屬質(zhì)量減少。所以m1一定大于m2。所以答案為A。

[例3]化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,如使某步中的有害產(chǎn)物作為另一步反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)物,形成一個(gè)循環(huán),就可不再向環(huán)境排放該種物質(zhì)。例如:

 

 

(1)在上述有編號(hào)的步驟中,需用還原劑的是________,需用氧化劑的是_______(填編號(hào))。

(2)在上述循環(huán)中,既能與強(qiáng)酸反應(yīng)又能與強(qiáng)堿反應(yīng)的兩性物質(zhì)是________(填化學(xué)式)。

(3)完成并配平步驟①的化學(xué)方程式,標(biāo)出電子轉(zhuǎn)移的方向和數(shù)目:

()Na2Cr2O7+()KI+()HCl → ()CrCl3+()NaCl+()KCl+()I2+()______

[解析]觀察題中有關(guān)鉻的化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系圖,可發(fā)現(xiàn)CrCl3經(jīng)反應(yīng)②可轉(zhuǎn)化成Cr(OH)3,Cr(OH)3經(jīng)反應(yīng)③又可轉(zhuǎn)化成NaCrO2,發(fā)現(xiàn)與“氯化鋁跟氫氧化鈉反應(yīng)可先生成氫氧化鋁、氫氧化鋁跟氫氧化鈉反應(yīng)又可生成偏鋁酸鈉”類似,所以可確定Cr(OH)3與氫氧化鋁一樣是一種兩性氫氧化物。

再分析轉(zhuǎn)化圖中各種含鉻化合物中鉻元素的化合價(jià)就可知反應(yīng)①應(yīng)加還原劑,反應(yīng)④應(yīng)加氧化劑,NaCrO2 轉(zhuǎn)化成Na2CrO4也需要加氧化劑。用化合價(jià)升降法可配平(3)中氧化還原反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式。

所以答案為:(1)①,④。(2)Cr(OH)3。

(3)Na2Cr2O7+6KI+14HCl = 2CrCl3+2NaCl+6KCl+3I2+7H2O。

[考題預(yù)測(cè)與專題訓(xùn)練]

1.NaH是一種離子化合物,與水反應(yīng)時(shí)生成燒堿和氫氣,它也能與乙醇,液氨等反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生氫氣。下列有關(guān)NaH的敘述正確的是(    )

(A)跟水反應(yīng)時(shí),水作氧化劑

(B)NaH中陽(yáng)離子半徑大于陰離子半徑

(C)跟液氨反應(yīng)時(shí),生成氫氣外,還生成銨鹽

(D)與乙醇反應(yīng)時(shí),放出氫氣的速率比與水反應(yīng)時(shí)更快

2.為充分利用原料,降低成本,利用現(xiàn)有的濃度為70%的硫酸3.5t和純度為80%的燒堿2.5t,用足量的廢鋁與該酸、堿作用,最多可生成氫氧化鋁為(雜質(zhì)不發(fā)生反應(yīng))(    )

(A)1.3t     (B)2.5t       (C)3.5t      (D)5.2t

3.用足量的一氧化碳還原14.5g鐵的氧化物的混合物。將生成的氣體通入足量的澄清石灰水中,生成沉淀25g,則該混合物的組合不可能是(    )

A.Fe2O3、Fe3O4、FeO     B.FeO、Fe3O4

C.Fe3O4、Fe2O3          D.FeO、Fe2O3

4.往100 mL FeCl3溶液中,通入0.672L標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下的硫化氫氣體,設(shè)氣體完全被吸收,再加入過(guò)量的鐵粉,反應(yīng)停止后,測(cè)得溶液中含有0.12mol金屬陽(yáng)離子,則原氯化鐵溶液的物質(zhì)的量濃度為(    )

A.     B.     C.      D.

5.將潔凈的金屬片A、B、C、D分別放置在浸有某種鹽溶液的濾紙上面并壓緊(如圖所示)。在每次實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),記錄電壓指針的移動(dòng)方向和電壓表的讀數(shù)如下:

已知,構(gòu)成兩電極的金屬其金屬活潑性相差越大,電壓表的讀數(shù)越大。

金屬   

電子流動(dòng)方向

電壓/V

A

ACu

+0.78

B

CuB

-0.15

C

CCu

+1.35

D

DCu

+0.30

 

請(qǐng)依據(jù)記錄數(shù)據(jù)判斷,下列有關(guān)說(shuō)法正確的是(   )

A.在四種金屬中C的還原性最強(qiáng)

B.金屬B能從硫酸銅溶液中置換出銅

C.A、D若形成原電池時(shí),A為正極

D.A、B形成合金時(shí),將該合金露置在空氣中,A先被腐蝕

6.氯化鐵是工業(yè)上常用的凈水劑之一。

(1)請(qǐng)寫出氯化鐵凈水的原理。

(2)為盡可能地降低凈水生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用,應(yīng)該用廉價(jià)的原料來(lái)制備氯化鐵,最好是三廢的綜合利用。請(qǐng)?zhí)岢鲆恍┯昧畠r(jià)原料制取氯化鐵的方法,寫出有關(guān)的化學(xué)方程式,并對(duì)所提各種方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)加以評(píng)述。

7.完成下列反應(yīng)的離子方程式:

(1)氫氧化鐵溶于氫碘酸:             

(2)苯酚鈉溶液中通入氣體:              

(3)氫氧化亞鐵溶于稀              

(4)已知H+比Ag+更易與NH3結(jié)合,要使[Ag(NH3)2]+轉(zhuǎn)化為Ag+,應(yīng)加入的有效試劑是         ,實(shí)現(xiàn)此反應(yīng)的離子方程式為:          。

(5)① 在淀粉碘化鉀溶液中,滴加少量的次氯酸鈉溶液,立即會(huì)看到溶液變藍(lán)色,這是因?yàn)椋?u>          。

② 在碘和淀粉形成的藍(lán)色溶液中,滴加亞硫酸鈉溶液,發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)色逐漸消失,這是因?yàn)椋?u>              。

③ 對(duì)比①和②所得的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,將I2、ClO-、SO42-按氧化性強(qiáng)弱順序排列為:  

            。

8.銅與濃硝酸反應(yīng)和銅與稀硝酸反應(yīng),產(chǎn)物不同,實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象也不同。

(1)某課外活動(dòng)小組為了證明并觀察到銅與稀硝酸反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物為NO,設(shè)計(jì)了如圖所示的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)他們的思路,選擇下列藥品,完成該實(shí)驗(yàn),并敘述實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟。

藥品:稀硝酸、稀鹽酸、Zn粒、CaCO3固體。

步驟:①檢查裝置的氣密性;

②向試管中加入一定量碳酸鈣固體;

                                                          

                                                           

⑤將銅絲插入到溶液中;

⑥用注射器向廣口瓶?jī)?nèi)推入氧氣(或空氣)。

(2)推入氧氣或空氣的目的是                           。

(3)分別將等質(zhì)量的銅片與等體積均過(guò)量的濃硝酸、稀硝酸反應(yīng),所得到的溶液前者呈綠色,后者呈藍(lán)色,某同學(xué)提出這可能是Cu2+濃度差異的結(jié)果,你同意這種看法嗎?      (填“同意”或“不同意”),原因是                 ;另一同學(xué)提出溶液呈“綠色”是Cu2+與NO2混合的結(jié)果,請(qǐng)你設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明之(簡(jiǎn)述實(shí)驗(yàn)方案和實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象)                            。

9.“鋁和氯化銅溶液反應(yīng)”實(shí)驗(yàn)中預(yù)料之外現(xiàn)象的研究

化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中預(yù)料之外的現(xiàn)象往往包含我們還沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)的事物規(guī)律。下面是某同學(xué)進(jìn)行“鋁和氯化銅溶液反應(yīng)”實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)觀察到的預(yù)料之外的現(xiàn)象:

①鋁絲表面附上的銅沒(méi)有緊密吸附在鋁絲的表面而是呈蓬松的海綿狀;②反應(yīng)一段時(shí)間后有大量氣泡逸出,且在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)氣泡越來(lái)越快,經(jīng)點(diǎn)燃能發(fā)出爆鳴聲,證明是氫氣。

“科學(xué)研究還離不開(kāi)合理的猜想和假設(shè)!痹撏瑢W(xué)先從理論上猜想鋁絲表面產(chǎn)生氫氣的多種可能原因,再設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證自己的猜想。

實(shí)驗(yàn)操作及現(xiàn)象記錄:

取4根去油去銹的鋁絲為A組直接和下列溶液反應(yīng),4根下半截纏上細(xì)銅絲的鋁絲為B組和下列溶液反應(yīng),再取前面實(shí)驗(yàn)中得到的附有海綿狀銅的4根鋁絲洗凈后作為C組和下列溶液反應(yīng)作比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象記錄如下:

 

熱水

硫酸銅溶液(2.0mol/L)

氯化鋁熱溶液(2.0mol/L)

飽和氯化鈉

熱溶液

A

只在開(kāi)始時(shí)

有少量氣泡

氣泡較多,但比同濃度的氯化銅溶液少

有氣泡,

比熱水多

氣泡比熱水稍多,但比氯化鋁溶液少

B

氣泡比相應(yīng)A多

氣泡比相應(yīng)A多

氣泡比相應(yīng)A多

氣泡比相應(yīng)A多

C

氣泡比相應(yīng)B多

氣泡比相應(yīng)B多

氣泡比相應(yīng)B多

氣泡比相應(yīng)B多

實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象說(shuō)明氫氣的生成原因是多種因素作用的結(jié)果。試推測(cè)該同學(xué)原來(lái)的猜想有哪些(不一定填滿,不夠也可以自己添加):

(1)反應(yīng)生成的銅和鋁組成原電池促進(jìn)鋁和水反應(yīng);

(2)          ▲                               ;

(3)          ▲                               ;

(4)           ▲                               ;

(5)           ▲                               。

10.將固體FeC2O4?2H2O放在一個(gè)可稱量的容器中加熱灼燒,固體質(zhì)量隨溫度升高而變化,測(cè)得數(shù)據(jù)如下:

溫度/℃

25

300

350

400

500

600

900

固體質(zhì)量/g

1.000

0.800

0.800

0.400

0.444

0.444

0.430

根據(jù)計(jì)算分析推理,完成下列填空:

(1)寫出25~300℃時(shí)固體發(fā)生變化的反應(yīng)方程式                            判斷的理由是                                     。

(2)350~400℃發(fā)生變化得到的產(chǎn)物是           ,物質(zhì)的量之比為               。

(3)500℃時(shí)產(chǎn)物的含氧質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為                           。

(4)寫出600~900℃時(shí)發(fā)生變化的化學(xué)方程式                              。

 

試題詳情

2009高考物理專題沖刺二

命題范圍:機(jī)械能及其守恒定律

說(shuō)明:本試卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分,共150分;答題時(shí)間120分鐘.

第Ⅰ卷(選擇題,共40分)

試題詳情

南昌市2008-2009學(xué)年度高三測(cè)試卷數(shù)學(xué)(2

試題詳情

化學(xué)專題(五)

非金屬元素的梳理和綜合

 

 

[命題趨向]

1.《考試大綱》中對(duì)非金屬元素及化合物這塊內(nèi)容可分成二部分來(lái)理解。第一部分是鹵素等典型的非金屬元素的化合物;第二部分是其它非金屬元素(如氫、氧、硫、氮、磷、碳和硅等)的化合物。每年的化學(xué)高考試題中往往都要考查到典型非金屬元素及其化合物。

2.元素化合物知識(shí)的考查往往跟元素周期律、物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等基礎(chǔ)理論內(nèi)容相綜合。最后階段的復(fù)習(xí)中要注意元素化合物知識(shí)跟基礎(chǔ)理論內(nèi)容的綜合應(yīng)用,提高解決學(xué)科內(nèi)綜合問(wèn)題的能力。

3.《考試大綱》中有多條類似于“以××為例,了解(或理解、掌握)××××”的內(nèi)容敘述,如:以硫酸為例,了解化工生產(chǎn)化學(xué)反應(yīng)原理的確定。初步了解原料與能源的合理利用、“三廢處理”與環(huán)境保護(hù)以及生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益問(wèn)題等等。對(duì)這些內(nèi)容的要注意理解實(shí)質(zhì),達(dá)到“舉一反三”的要求。在這些內(nèi)容往往是高考命題的重點(diǎn)。

4.元素化合物知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)中要注意相似、相近內(nèi)容的總結(jié)歸納。如SO2、CO2、SO3、P2O5、SiO2等都是酸性氧化物,它們?cè)谛再|(zhì)有相似之處也有相異點(diǎn)。高考命題時(shí)常會(huì)把這種關(guān)系編入試題中。近幾年的高考試題中這種趨向比較明顯,值得大家重視。

5.重視元素化合物知識(shí)跟化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的綜合。近幾年的實(shí)驗(yàn)試題,都是以元素化合物性質(zhì)為落點(diǎn)。估計(jì)近幾年內(nèi)這種命題趨向不會(huì)有太大的變化。

[知識(shí)體系和復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)]

1.氯元素的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

2.次氯酸、漂白粉的性質(zhì)

HClO分子的結(jié)構(gòu)式為H-O-Cl(氧處于中心),所以電子式為。次氯酸、次氯酸鈣等有多方面的性質(zhì),經(jīng)常用到以下幾方面性質(zhì):

(1)HClO是一種弱酸,與碳酸比較電離能力有如下關(guān)系:H2CO3>HClO>HCO3-,請(qǐng)分析下列反應(yīng):

少量二氧化碳通入NaClO溶液中:NaClO + CO2+H2O=NaHCO3+HClO

氯氣通入碳酸氫鈉溶液中: Cl2+NaHCO3=NaCl+CO2↑+HClO

(2)ClO-是一種弱酸的酸根離子,能發(fā)生水解反應(yīng):ClO-+H2OHClO+OH-,所以次氯酸鈣溶液顯堿性。

若遇到鐵鹽、鋁鹽易發(fā)生雙水解:3ClO-+Fe3++3H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3HClO

(3)HClO和ClO-都具有強(qiáng)氧化性,無(wú)論酸性、堿性條件下都可以跟亞鐵鹽、碘化物、硫化物等發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng),但不能使品紅溶液褪色。如:

硫酸亞鐵溶液遇漂白粉:2Fe2+ + 5ClO- + 5H2O = 2Fe(OH)3↓+Cl- + 4HClO

漂白粉遇亞硫酸酸鹽:ClO-+SO32-=Cl-+SO42-

(4)HClO見(jiàn)光易分解:2HClO2HCl+O2

(5)次氯酸鈣中的Ca2+、ClO-可以表現(xiàn)出一些綜合性質(zhì)。如少量二氧化碳通入次氯鈣溶液中:

Ca(ClO)2+CO2+H2O=CaCO3↓+2HClO

注意理解二氧化碳、碳酸鈉、碳酸氫鈉分別跟次氯酸鈣溶液反應(yīng)的差異:

Ca(ClO)2+Na2CO3=CaCO3↓+2NaClO

Ca(ClO)2+NaHCO3=CaCO3↓+HClO+NaClO

 

3.碳、硅及化合物的聯(lián)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)

 

 

4.氧及其化合物相互聯(lián)系

 

 

5.氮及其化合物間的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系

[典型題析]

[例1]在F、P、Si、Fe這四種元素中,每種元素都有某些方面區(qū)別于某它三種元素。若從中選出氟元素,選擇的理由中正確的是(   )。

(A)最高價(jià)氧化物對(duì)應(yīng)的水化物酸性最強(qiáng)

(B)單質(zhì)與冷水反應(yīng)最劇烈

(C)單質(zhì)固態(tài)時(shí)為分子晶體,熔沸點(diǎn)較低

(D)在氧化物:OF6、P2O5、Fe2O3中,OF6最穩(wěn)定

[解析]題給四種元素比較,最高價(jià)氧化物水化物的酸性最強(qiáng)的是磷酸。單質(zhì)跟冷水反應(yīng)最劇烈的是F2。單質(zhì)固態(tài)時(shí)為分子晶體的有磷和氟,熔沸點(diǎn)較低的是F2。氧化物中OF6最不穩(wěn)定。所以應(yīng)選BC。

[例2]在溴化鉀和碘化鉀的混合溶液中通入過(guò)量氯氣,把溶液蒸干后并將剩余物灼燒,最后殘余的物質(zhì)是(    )

(A)氯化鉀               (B)氯化鉀和碘

(C)氯化鉀和溴           (D)氯化鉀和溴化鉀

[解析]溴化鉀和碘化鉀都能與氯氣反應(yīng):

           2KBr + Cl2 = 2KCl + Br2         2KI + Cl2 = 2KCl + I2

所以向溶液中通入過(guò)量氯氣后,溶液中留下氯化鉀、溴分子和碘分子,考慮到溴單質(zhì)極易揮發(fā),所以蒸干過(guò)程中,溴單質(zhì)已揮發(fā)掉?紤]到碘單質(zhì)加熱條件下能升華,所以灼燒過(guò)程中,碘單質(zhì)必定已升華了。最后留下的物質(zhì)必定是氯化鉀。選A。

[例3]1898年,曾有人發(fā)明了固氮的一種方法,該法以石灰石、焦炭、空氣為原料。第一步反應(yīng)是石灰石分解;第二步是使第一步反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物和焦炭反應(yīng),在電爐中的高溫下制得第三步反應(yīng)起始物;第三步反應(yīng)中另一反應(yīng)物是空氣,該反應(yīng)也是在電爐中完成的,生成一種固體;第四步是使該固體和水蒸氣反應(yīng)制得氨氣。又知該固體中有與N3-互為等電子體的離子。

(1)試寫出四步反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式;

(2)試簡(jiǎn)評(píng)該固氮方法。

解析  前二步反應(yīng)分別是石灰石的分解和制造電石的反應(yīng):

CaCO3CaO+CO2↑;          CaO+3CCaC2+CO↑

第三步反應(yīng)是CaC2在高溫下與空氣中的氮?dú)夥磻?yīng),以取得固氮的效果。由于生成物與N3-互為等電子體的離子,氮元素在此生成物中應(yīng)為-3價(jià),后者與水反應(yīng)才更有可能生成NH3。N3-的等電子體有CN22-、C2N3-。如果N為-3價(jià),在CN22-中C為+4價(jià),在C2N3-中C為0價(jià),不合理,因此生成物中的該離子只能為CN22-。其化學(xué)方程式為:

CaC2+N2CaCN2+C ;   CaCN2+3H2O=CaCO3+2NH3↑。

這種方法較之現(xiàn)在的合成氨工業(yè),需要消耗大量電能,原料眾多,生產(chǎn)成本高,因此,很快被合成氨的催化法代替。

所以答案為:(1)CaCO3CaO+CO2↑; CaO+3CCaC2+CO↑;CaC2+N2CaCN2+C ;   CaCN2+3H2O(g)=CaCO3+2NH3↑。

(2)這種方法,需要消耗大量電能,原料眾多,設(shè)備重,生產(chǎn)成本高。

[例4]為檢驗(yàn)濃硫酸與木炭在加熱條件下反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的SO2和CO2氣體,設(shè)計(jì)了如圖所示實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置,a、b、c為止水夾,B是用于儲(chǔ)氣的氣囊,D中放有用I2和淀粉的藍(lán)色溶液浸濕的脫脂棉。

請(qǐng)回答下列問(wèn)題:

       (1)實(shí)驗(yàn)前欲檢查裝置A的氣密性,可以采取的操作是                    ;

       (2)此實(shí)驗(yàn)成敗的關(guān)鍵在于控制反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生氣體的速率不能過(guò)快,由此設(shè)計(jì)了虛框部分的裝置,則正確的操作順序是                       (用操作編號(hào)填寫)

       ①向A裝置中加入濃硫酸,加熱,使A中產(chǎn)生的氣體進(jìn)入氣囊B,當(dāng)氣囊中充入一定量氣體時(shí),停止加熱;

②待裝置A冷卻,且氣囊B的體積不再變化后,關(guān)閉止水夾a,打開(kāi)止水夾b,慢慢擠壓氣囊,使氣囊B中氣體慢慢進(jìn)入裝置C中,待達(dá)到實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康暮,關(guān)閉止水夾b;

③打開(kāi)止水夾a和c,關(guān)閉止水夾b;

(3)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),裝置C中的現(xiàn)象為                               ;

(4)當(dāng)D中產(chǎn)生           (多選不得分)現(xiàn)象時(shí),可以說(shuō)明使E中澄清石灰水變渾濁的是CO2,而不是SO2;

A.進(jìn)氣口一端脫脂棉藍(lán)色變淺,出氣口一端脫脂棉藍(lán)色不變

B.脫脂棉上藍(lán)色均變淺

C.脫脂棉上藍(lán)色褪去

裝置D的作用為                                           。

[解析]實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置中接了一個(gè)儲(chǔ)氣的氣囊,這是課本實(shí)驗(yàn)中沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到過(guò)的。但試題主要還是考查鹵族和氧族元素化合物基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)基本操作等。

(1)關(guān)閉分液漏斗的活塞,打開(kāi)止水夾a和b,關(guān)閉止水夾c,用手捂熱(或微熱)圓底燒瓶A,若C中有氣泡冒出,移開(kāi)手掌(或熱源)后,C處導(dǎo)管內(nèi)有水上升,則證明A裝置的氣密性良好。

(2)③①②

(3)品紅溶液褪色。

(4)A;除去SO2并檢驗(yàn)SO2已被除凈。

[考題預(yù)測(cè)與專題訓(xùn)練]

1.2001年1月,某地發(fā)生了導(dǎo)致四人死亡、一百多人中毒的食用熟牛肉中毒事件,經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)該牛肉的檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)某鹽的含量比國(guó)家允許標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高800多倍,該鹽可能是(    )

(A)NaCl    (B)NaNO2    (C)NaNO3    (D)BaSO4  

2.硅酸銅鋇是當(dāng)今用最新科學(xué)技術(shù)才合成的一種物質(zhì),然而科學(xué)家驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn),我國(guó)秦朝兵馬俑用的一種顏料竟也是硅酸銅鋇。由以上事實(shí)推測(cè)關(guān)于硅酸銅鋇的說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤的是(  )

(A)易溶于水   (B)難溶于水   (C)屬于硅酸鹽   (D)屬于無(wú)機(jī)材料

3.巳知某溶液中存在較多的H、SO42-、NO3-,則該溶液中還可能大量存在的離子組是(  )

A.Al3+、CH3COO-、Cl-      B.Mg2+、Ba2+、Br-

C.Mg2+、Cl-、I-            D.Na+、NH4+、Cl-

4.1828年,德國(guó)化學(xué)家武勒(F?WOhler)沖破了生命力學(xué)術(shù)的束縛,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里將無(wú)機(jī)物氰酸銨(NH4CNO)溶液蒸發(fā),得到了有機(jī)物尿素[CO(NH2)2]。下列說(shuō)法中不正確的是(    )

(A)氰酸銨屬于銨鹽                (B)氰酸銨與尿素互為同分異構(gòu)體

(C)有機(jī)物不一定要從生命體內(nèi)獲得   (D)氰酸銨轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟蛩氐倪^(guò)程為物理變化

5.下列說(shuō)法均摘自某科普雜志,你認(rèn)為無(wú)科學(xué)性錯(cuò)誤的是(    )

(A)鉛筆芯的原料是金屬鉛,兒童在使用時(shí)不可用嘴吮咬鉛筆,以免引起鉛中毒

(B)一氧化碳有毒,生有煤爐的居室,可放置數(shù)盆清水,這樣可有效地吸收一氧化碳,防 止煤氣中毒

(C)“汽水”澆灌植物有一定的道理,其中二氧化碳的緩釋,有利于作物的光合作用

(D)硅的提純與應(yīng)用,促進(jìn)了半導(dǎo)體元件與集成芯片業(yè)的發(fā)展,可以說(shuō)“硅是信息技術(shù)革 命的催化劑”

6.在pH=l含Ba2+離子的溶液中,還能大量存在的離子是(  )

A.    B.ClO-    C.Cl-   D.

7.氯氣和水反應(yīng)生成HCl和HClO,欲從反應(yīng)混合物中分離出HClO溶液,下列方法可選用的是(   )

(A)加硫酸鈣,充分反應(yīng)后蒸餾         (B)加碳酸鈣,充分反應(yīng)后蒸餾

(C)加磷酸鈣,充分反應(yīng)后蒸餾         (D)加氯化鈣,充分反應(yīng)后蒸餾

8.將下列鹵化物跟濃硫酸放在燒瓶中共熱,可以制得純凈鹵化氫氣體的是(   )。

(A)NaF        (B)NaCl        (C)NaBr       (D)NaI

9.在碘化鉀和硫酸的混合溶液中加入過(guò)氧化氫水溶液,迅速發(fā)生反應(yīng),放出大量氣體,反應(yīng)過(guò)程可表示如下:

①H2O2+2KI+H2SO4=I2+K2SO4+2H2O

②H2O2+I2=2HIO

③H2O2+2HIO=I2+O2↑+2H2O

(1)H2O2在反應(yīng)③中的作用是____________(填正確選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)號(hào))。

(A)氧化劑                (B)還原劑  

(C)既是氧化劑又是還原劑  (D)不是氧化劑也不是還原劑

(2)有人認(rèn)為上述反應(yīng)說(shuō)明了碘單質(zhì)是過(guò)氧化氫分解的催化劑,你認(rèn)為_(kāi)________(填“對(duì)”或“不對(duì)”),其理由________________________________________。

(3)上述反應(yīng)說(shuō)明H2O2、I2、HIO氧化性從強(qiáng)到弱的順序是____________________。

10.某學(xué)生根據(jù)高中課本中硝酸鉀受熱分解的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作來(lái)判斷硝酸鉛的分解產(chǎn)物之一是氧氣;將試管中的硝酸鉛加熱到熔融,把帶有火星的細(xì)木條伸進(jìn)試管口,檢驗(yàn)放出的氣體,當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)木條復(fù)燃時(shí)該學(xué)生即斷言,硝酸鉛受熱分解有氧氣放出。請(qǐng)你對(duì)上述實(shí)驗(yàn)及結(jié)論的合理性作出評(píng)價(jià)。如有必要,可提出改進(jìn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)方案。

11.已知可溶性硫化物在溶液中能與硫單質(zhì)反應(yīng)生成可溶性的多硫化物(如Na2Sn)。請(qǐng)回答下列問(wèn)題:

⑴多硫化物溶于水的電離方程式為                       ;

⑵在濃Na2S溶液中滴入少量氯水,經(jīng)振蕩,未發(fā)現(xiàn)生成沉淀物,其原因是(只要求寫出反應(yīng)的離子方程式,下同)                  ,                  

⑶在足量氯水中,滴入少量Na2S溶液,經(jīng)振蕩,也未發(fā)現(xiàn)生成沉淀物,若再加用鹽酸酸化的BaCl2溶液,即可產(chǎn)生白色沉淀,其原因是                   。

 

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                        09數(shù)學(xué)高考專項(xiàng)突破精析――導(dǎo)數(shù)

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